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ANP Final - Will > Lec 16 > Flashcards

Lec 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves!

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

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2
Q

Which two pairs attach to the forebrain?

A

The Olfactory (1) and Optic (2)

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3
Q

What is the order for sensory/motor function/both of nerves?

A

SSMMBMBS(with a limited amount of motor)BBMM

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4
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both?

A

The optic nerves (pair 2, sensory)

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5
Q

Describe the movement of visual information through the optic nerve system.

A

Input is taken through the optic nerves to the optic chiasma, which is where desiccation happens. Then the information is taken through optic tracts into the thalamus, which uses optical radiation to send the info to the optical cortex.

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6
Q

What kind of nerve fibers are in the optical nerves?

A

Afferent sensory nerve fibers.

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7
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both?

A

The trochlear nerves (4th pair, motor)

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8
Q

How many muscles do the trochlear nerves innervate? Name them and how they move the eye.

A

one pair, the superior oblique muscles pull through a ligament pulley

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9
Q

What kind of nerve fibers are in the trochlear nerves (4)?

A

Motor fibers

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10
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both?

A

The abducens nerves (6th pair, motor (a tiny bit of proprioceptive to support motor output))

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11
Q

What muscle does the abducens nerve (6) innervate? What does this allow us to do with our eye?

A

The lateral rectus muscle allows us to abduct the eyeball.

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12
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both?

A

The facial nerves (7th pair, motor and sensory)

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13
Q

What are the 3 functions of the facial nerves?

A
  1. Facial expressions
    2.They are parasympathetic to lacrimal glands/2 salivary gland pairs
  2. They are sensory (taste) of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
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14
Q

How many branches of facial nerve are there? What type of nerve are they? Where do they originate?

A

There are five branches that are primarily motor nerves but are mixed. They originate from the pons.

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15
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both?

A

Oculomotor nerves (3rd pair, Motor)

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16
Q

How many muscles do the ocular nerves innervate? Name them

A

4 out of 6 pairs, the medial/inferior/superior rectus muscles, and the inferior oblique muscle

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17
Q

Where do the oculomotor nerves attach to the brain stem?

A

the ventral midbrain near the pons

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18
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both?

A

The olfactory nerves (1st pair, sensory)

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19
Q

What kind of nerves are associated with the olfactory nerves? How does information get to the olfactory cortex?

A

The nerves are afferent sensory nerves and information is sent to the olfactory bulb which extends into a tract to the olfactory cortex.

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20
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both? What is special about these nerves?

A

The trigeminal nerves (5th pair, both sensory and motor) they are the largest nerves of the cranial nerves.

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21
Q

What are the three trigeminal nerves?

A

The ophthalmic division, maxillary division, and mandibular division

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22
Q

Where are sensory and motor nerves located in the trigeminal system?

A

There are sensory nerves from the face and jaw, and motor nerves for chewing

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23
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both?

A

This is the vestibulocochlear pair (8th pair, sensory)

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24
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both?

A

These are the glossopharyngeal nerves (9th pair, both sensory and motor)

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25
Q

What types of nerves are found in the vestibulocochlear system?

A

sensory nerves, with cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance) branches

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26
Q

Where do glossopharyngeal nerves send/receive messages from in the brain?

A

The medulla

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27
Q

What efferent and afferent functions are the glossopharyngeal nerves involved in?

A

Afferent signals:
-sensory information from the pharynx and posterior tongue
-sensory information from the carotid sinus (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors)

Efferent signals:
-Swallowing
-Gag reflex
-parasympathetic fibers to parotid glands

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28
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both? What is special about this nerve pair?

A

The Vagus nerves (10th pair, both sensory and motor) are the only nerves from the cranial nerves to extend past the head/neck region.

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29
Q

Where does the vagus nerve originate from on the brain?

A

The medulla

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30
Q

What sensory information does the vagus nerve collect?

A

general sensory from pharynx and posterior tongue, proprioceptive information from the pharynx and larynx

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31
Q

What motor information does the vagus nerve give out?

A

It gives parasympathetic signals to the heart, lungs, viscera, and somatic signals to the pharynx and larynx.

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32
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both?

A

The hypoglossal nerves (12th pair, motor)

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33
Q

Which cranial nerve pair is represented here? What number is the pair? Is it sensory/motor/both?

A

The accessory nerves (11th pair, motor)

34
Q

What part of the body do the hypoglossal nerves affect? What motions?

A

Under the tongue, mixing and swallowing of food, and speech

35
Q

What three classifications of nerve are accessory nerves?

A

They are spinal rootlets (come from the spine), it is mostly comprised of motor roots, but has a few proprioceptive nerve fibers from the muscles it controls.

36
Q

What muscles do the accessory nerves innervate?

A

pharynx, larynx, soft palate, traps, sternocleomastoid

37
Q

How many nerve pairings are in each section of the spine?

A

Cervical 8, Thoracic 12, Lumbar 5, Sacral 5, Coccyx 0

38
Q

What are the difference between roots and rami?

A

Roots carry one way traffic, and rami carry 2 way traffic. Roots come right out of the spinal cord and then merge into rami, which then split into dorsal and ventral rami.

39
Q

What is the spinal nerve?

A

It is the area where the two roots join.

40
Q

What are nerve plexuses? Where are they located?

A

They are groupings of nerve branch combinations (thought to give backup in case of nerve failure) that occur just outside of the spinal cord. They do not occur outside of thoracic vertebrae 2-12

41
Q

What are the top C1 to C4 nerves called?

A

The cervical plexus.

42
Q

What are most branches of the cervical plexus?

A

They are mostly cutaneous nerves

43
Q

What is the most important nerve of the cervical plexus? Which branches does it originate from? What does it control?

A

The phrenic nerve comes from C3-5, and controls breathing (stimulation of diaphragm contraction)

44
Q

What nerve system controls the arms?

A

The brachial plexus

45
Q

Which rami innervate the brachial plexus?

A

C5-8 and T1

46
Q

What are the three main shoulder nerves of the brachial plexus? What are their functions?

A

The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid (shoulder muscles), the musculocutaneous nerves innervate the biceps brachii/brachialis for arm flexion, and the median nerve deals with muscles in the anterior forearm down to the thumb/palm.

47
Q

What trunks do the shoulder nerves stem from?

A

Axillary, looks like all of them
musculocutaneous, C5-7
median, C8, T1

48
Q

What are the two main nerves in the lower arm?

A

The radial and ulnar nerves.

49
Q

Which nerve is the funny bone?

A

The ulnar nerve.

50
Q

What do we need to know about the back innervation?

A

The dorsal rami innervate the dorsal skin and muscles, there is no recombining into plexuses there.

51
Q

What do we need to know about anterolateral thoracic innervation?

A

Ventral rami of T1-T12 are segmented and simple, no recombination. They include intercostal nerves that innervate the anterolateral thorax.

52
Q

What are the two important lumbar ventral rami? What do they control?

A

The obturator (medial thigh) and femoral nerves(anterior thigh).

53
Q

How can we remember the origin of the lumbar nerves?

A

The femoral nerve looks like an “extension” of the L4 nerve, and the obturator nerve is a little nerve that branches off the L4 rami.

54
Q

What is the group of nerves that the L1-L4 level called?

A

The lumbar plexus

55
Q

What ventral rami are involved in the sacral plexus?

A

L4-S5

56
Q

What are the 5 main nerves of the sacral plexus?

A

The sciatic nerve (diverges into tibial and fibular nerve), the superior/inferior gluteal nerves, and the pudendal nerve.

57
Q

What does the pudendal nerve innervate?

A

the muscles and skin of the perineum (anus to scrotum)

58
Q

What is a dermatome? What are the clinical implications of it existing?

A

A dermatome is a an area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve. This can allow us to see where a nerve might be impinged if there is pain in one zone, or it can allow us to numb the correct area by numbing the ramus at the correct spinal area.

59
Q

What are the three CT types that hold nerve fibers together? What do they consist of?

A

The endoneurium is loose CT that encloses the nerve fiber and the associated myelin sheathe, the perineurium is a coarser CT that holds together groups of fibers (fascicles), and then the epineurium is a tough fibrous sheathe around fascicles to make a nerve.

60
Q

What are the three classifications of sensory receptors?

A
  1. The types of stimuli
  2. Their location
  3. Structural complexity
61
Q

What are the 5 types of sensory receptor according to types of stimuli?

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Photoreceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
  5. Nociceptors
62
Q

What are the three types of sensory receptor according to location?

A

Exteroceptors-stimulus outside the boy
Interoceptors/visceroceptors - stimuli within the body
Proprioceptors - monitor stretch of CT, tendons, ligaments, muscles, etc.

63
Q

What are the two types of sensory receptor according to complexity?

A

Encapsulated and non-encapsulated receptors.

64
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Nonencapsulated receptors

65
Q

Where are free nerve endings found?

A

Epithelial and connective tissue

66
Q

What are sensory input do Nonencapsulated receptors recieve?

A

Temperature, pressure, and pain deeper in the dermis.

67
Q

What is a vanilloid receptor?

A

An ion channel opened by heat, low pH or some molecules like capsacin

68
Q

Where are itch receptors located and what chemical activates them?

A

Itch receptors are located on the skin and are activated by histamines.

69
Q

What is found at the junction of the dermis and the epidermis?

A

The epithelial tactile complexes are light pressure sensors

70
Q

What cells make up the free nerve endings of epithelial tactile complexes?

A

Merkel discs

71
Q

What touch receptors deal with the bending of hairs?

A

Hair follicle receptors.

72
Q

What makes encapsulated discs different from Nonencapsulated ones?

A

they are enclosed in a CT capsule

73
Q

What signals do encapsulated receptors tend to translate?

A

They tend to be mechanoreceptors (pressure)

74
Q

What are the three types of corpuscles that are mentioned in the book? Lightly describe

A
  1. Tactile corpuscles are found in the dermal papillae of nipples, fingertips, and areas that lack hair. They are responsible for discriminative touch.
  2. Lamellar corpuscles are encapsulated in many layers of CT and are responsible for picking up signals of pressure first being applied.
  3. Bulbous corpuscles are a spray of receptor endings that is responsible for deep and continuous pressure.
75
Q

What type of receptors are associated with muscle stretch and reflex to it?

A

Muscle spindles are associated with muscle fascicles and are wrapped around them.

76
Q

What is the reflex difference between muscle spindles and tendon organs?

A

Muscle spindles detect stretch and contract to prevent it, and tendon organs detect contraction and reflexively relax the muscles.

77
Q

Where are tendon organs?

A

In the muscled region of tendons.

78
Q

What are joint kinesthetic receptors?

A

They are a combination of all the receptors and are located in articular capsules and monitor joint position.

79
Q

List the 3 free ending receptor types and their locations and their classes (stimulus type and location)

A
80
Q

List the 3 encapsulated receptor types and their locations and their classes (stimulus type and location)

A

ANP Final - Will (15 decks)

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