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ANP Final - Will > Lec 20 > Flashcards

Lec 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 levels of motor control?

A
  1. Precommand
  2. Projection
  3. Segmental
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2
Q

What parts of the brain deal with precommand motor control? What is it responsible for?

A

The cerebellum and basal nuclei are responsible for sending programs and instructions that have been modified by feedback.

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3
Q

What parts of the brain deal with projection motor control? What are they responsible for?

A

The motor cortex and brain stem nuclei are responsible for conveying instructions and sending that info to the higher levels.

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4
Q

What parts of the CNS deal with segmental motor control? What are they responsible for?

A

The spinal cord and its central pattern generators (CPGs) are responsible for reflex activity.

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5
Q

What are the three main ways the motor system is different than the sensory system?

A

The motor system serves effectors instead of receptors. The motor system descends the spinal cord through efferent circuits, and the motor system deals with motor behaviors instead of perception.

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6
Q

What are locomotion and other repeated patterns called?

A

Central Pattern Generators (CPGs)

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7
Q

How does the cerebellum communicate with motor cortex and projection areas of the brain stem?

A

Through the thalamus

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8
Q

What is the role of the basal nuclei in the precommand level of motor function?

A

basal nuclei receive input from all cortical areas and send output to the premotor/prefrontal cortices via the thalamus.

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9
Q

What precommand structure is involved with more complex function?

A

The basal nuclei.

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10
Q

How do we classify the two descending motor pathways?

A

The direct pathway is the pyramidal tracts, and the indirect pathways are everything else.

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11
Q

How many neurons are involved in motor pathways? What neurons are they?

A

2 neurons, the upper and lower neurons

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12
Q

Where does the upper motor neuron start?

A

The motor cortex

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13
Q

Where does the lower motor neuron start?

A

It is a spinal or cranial nerve neuron.

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14
Q

How can we describe the synapsing of direct pathway motor neurons?

A

They do not synapse through the brain or the spinal cord.

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15
Q

What do direct pathway neurons control?

A

The regulation of fast or skilled motions.

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16
Q

Where does the synapsing of direct pathway motor neurons occur?

A

In the anterior horns of the spinal cord at the level of the exiting of the spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the two pyramidal tract nuclei? How can they be identified on a diagram? How much output is sent through each in respect to each other?

A

The lateral corticospinal tract is the largest most lateral descending tract, and the ventral/anterior tract is a large and very medial descending tract. The lateral tract takes 90 percent of info where the ventral tract takes around 10 percent.

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18
Q

What is paralysis?

A

loss of motor function

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19
Q

what is paraplegia?

A

A transection of the spine between L1 and T1

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20
Q

What is a quadriplegia?

A

A transection of the spine in the cervical regioin.

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21
Q

What is a hemiplegia?

A

A loss of motor function due to brain injury.

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22
Q

What kind of paralysis involves damage to ventral roots or anterior horns that takes away all control of muscles?

A

Flaccid paralysis

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23
Q

What is spastic paralysis?

A

It is damage done to only the upper motor neurons of the primary cortex i.e. spinal neurons remain intact and voluntary control is not an option but spinal reflexes still stimulate the muscles.

24
Q

What indirect motor pathways are you responsible for? How can we find them on a diagram?

A
  1. The rubrospinal tract (lateral but smaller than lateral)
  2. The vestibulospinal tract (It is large and anterior)
  3. tectospinal tract (small and anterior)
  4. The Reticulospinal tracts (a medial and lateral grouping that are semi anterior)
25
Q

What are indirect motor pathways responsible for?

A

Axial muscles for balance/posture, coarse limb movement, tracking moving objects with vision

26
Q

What is the purpose of a reflex arc?

A

They permit rapid and predictable responses.

27
Q

What are the two types of reflexes? Describe them

A
  1. Inborn reflexes are unpremeditated and involuntary, they avoid pain, maintain posture etc.
  2. A learned reflex comes from practice/repetition and can modify inborn reflexes
28
Q

What do somatic reflexes activate?

A

Skeletal muscle

29
Q

What do autonomic reflexes activate?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, glands

30
Q

What does the nervous system need to monitor to provide stretch and tendon reflexes? What receptors monitor this?

A

Muscle spindles monitor muscle length, and tendon organs monitor tension in the muscles/tendons

31
Q

What do muscle spindles and tendon organs do with the information?

A

They send it back to the cerebellum/cortex

32
Q

Describe muscle spindle composition

A

It is 3-10 modified intrafusal fibers enclosed in a CT capsule.

33
Q

What part of the intrafusal fiber is receptive?

A

The middle of the intrafusal fiber has no myofilaments and is receptive.

34
Q

What are the two types of nerve endings? Describe them on a diagram.

A

The anulospiral nerve endings are from larger nerve axons and wrap around the intrafusal fibers. Flower spray endings are smaller.

35
Q

What are the differences in monitoring of anulospiral nerve endings and flower spray endings?

A

Anulospiral nerve endings monitor stretch degree and rate, and flower spray endings only monitor degree of stretch

36
Q

Can intrafusal fibers be stimulated and contract?

A

Yes at their ends

37
Q

What is the rest of muscle tissue called other than the intrafusal muscle fibers?

A

The extrafusal fibers.

38
Q

What are the two ways muscles can be stretched?

A
  1. external force can be applied or antagonistic muscle contracted
  2. motor neurons can put a stretch on the the middle of the spindle
39
Q

Why do intra and extrafusal motor pathways activate at the same time?

A

So that tension is maintained in the intrafusal muscle fibers and it can continue to monitor stretch.

40
Q

Describe a stretch-reflex

A

Stretched muscle spindles send high frequency messages to the spinal cord, where the nerves synapse with extrafusal nerves of the stretched muscle, and motor neurons of the antagonistic muscles. The extrafusal muscle contracts and the antagonistic muscles are inhibited.

41
Q

What can we say about the amount of synapses and laterality of a stretch reflex in the agonist muscle?

A

It is monosynaptic and ipsilateral

42
Q

What does the tendon reflex do?

A

It acts in the opposite direction of the stretch reflex, if there is too much tension in the joint, the muscles relax and the antagonist is activated.

43
Q

Why is the tendon reflex important?

A

it protects against tearing damage, and ensures a smooth on and off of normal muscle contraction

44
Q

Why is the tendon reflex considered a polysynaptic reflex?

A

Interneurons signal for the relaxing of the agonistic muscle and contracting of the antagonistic muscle

45
Q

What is a flexor/withdrawal reflex?

A

A painful stimulus pulls away from pain and is important to survival.

46
Q

Can we override a withdrawal reflex?

A

yes

47
Q

What is the crossed extensor reflex?

A

Weight bearing limbs will extend on the other side of the body.

48
Q

Are withdrawal/flexor/crossed extensor reflexes monosynaptic or polysynaptic?

A

polysynaptic, they use interneurons

49
Q

What are the two reflexes to test for spinal damage? What are they? What spinal levels do they test?

A
  1. Abdominal reflex is the touching of skin near the umbilicus where reflex muscles contracting indicates the motor reflex nerves T8-T12 are functioning.
  2. Plantar reflex is when a stroke is made heel to toe on a foot, the foot should plantar flex. If the toes fan instead, it is indicative of damage to the L4-S2 region.
50
Q

Which pathways use Acetylcholine NT?

A

The somatic pathways and parasympathetic pathways.

51
Q

Which pathways use NT norepinephrine?

A

The sympathetic pathways.

52
Q

What is different about the number of neurons in somatic pathways vs autonomic pathways?

A

somatic pathways only use one neuron, and autonomic ones use two.

53
Q

Describe a neuron pathway in the autonomic nervous system

A

The preganglionic neuron in the brain synapses with the postganglionic neuron at the ganglion outside of the CNS. This signal takes the postganglionic axon to the effector.

54
Q

Is somatic or autonomic pathway faster?

A

Somatic

55
Q

Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.

A

Sympathetic
-Originate in the thoracic and lumber spinal cord
-ganglia are near the CNS
Parasympathetic
-originate in the brain stem
-ganglia are near the effector

56
Q

What is the D system of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

diuresis, defecation, digestion

57
Q

What is the E system of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Excitement, exercise, emergency, embarassment

ANP Final - Will (15 decks)

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