Lec 21 Flashcards
What two organs of the sympathetic nervous system are not innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
The adrenal gland and the skin
What are antagonistic interactions in the autonomic nervous sytem?
The heart rate/GI tract/breathing rate are all affected in opposing directions between the PNS and SNS
What is an example of cooperative effect in the PNS and SNS
Sex teehee, the PNS let blood make one erect, and the SNS does the pew pew ejaculation
What actions are only handled by one branch of the ANS?
the SNS alone deals with vascular tone, it keeps blood vessels in a state of partial vasoconstriction
At rest, and PNS is dominant and actively slows the HR
Name some structures that deal with the SNS only.
The arrector pili, the adrenal medulla, sweat glands, kidneys
What part of the ANS deals with temperature regulation?
Only the SNS
How does the ANS increase BP?
It releases renin from the kidneys, which becomes angiotensin 2, which is a vasoconstrictor
What are the 5 metabolic effects of the SNS?
- Metabolic rate of cells increases
- Blood glucose levels go up
- Mobilization of fats goes up
- Mental alertness goes up
- speed/strength of muscle contraction goes up
What are the two NTs we are required to learn in this course?
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Where is acetylcholine released?
All preganglionic nerve fibers and all PNS postganglionic axons
What is the name of the drugs that act upon acetylcholine?
Nicotinic and muscarinic
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
They are found on all ganglionic neurons of the SNS, PNS, and adrenal medulla.
What happens when acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors?
There is always a stimulatory response.
Where are muscarinic receptors?
In the effector organs of the PNS.
What is the effect of muscarine receptors going off?
It depends on the subclass of receptor.
What kind of receptors deal with norepinephrine? Where are these found?
Adrenergic receptors are only found on the post ganglionic nerves of the SNS.
What are the two subtypes of Norepinephrine neurotransmitters?
Alpha and beta
Outline the 5 step process of a visceral reflex! How many motor neurons can be involved?
It is a 2 neuron motor chain.
1. Receptor in viscera
2. Visceral sensory neuron
3. Integration center can be in the dorsal horns, preganglionic neuron, may be in the walls of the gi tract
4. The motor neuron may be a 2 neuron chain and send the info to the…
5. visceral effector
On what regions of the hypothalamus are the PNS and SNS located?
The PNS is anterior, the SNS is posterior
What are the two language centers on the temporal lobe?
Wernicke’s area and Broca’s Area
What does damage to Broca’s Area do?
Can understand language, but have difficult writing, speaking
What does damage to Wernicke’s area do?
Speaking becomes a word salad, and trouble is had with understanding
What do Broca’s and Wernicke’s area interact with to do?
The basal nuclei to create a language implementation system.
What does the language system have to link to?
The cortical structures that are involved with concepts and ideas
What do the corresponding motor areas on the other side of the brain from the language implementation system do?
They are involved with body language and deal with tone and emotional context and speech.
What are the four kinds of memory? Give light descriptions
- Declarative (fact-based)
- Procedural (skill based)
- Motor Memory (eg. riding a bike)
- Emotional memory (eg. fear and thunder)
What are the two types of declarative memory?
Short term and long term
How long can things be held in short term memory?
15-30 seconds
How many items can be held in short term memory?
7-8
What is the storage capacity of long term memory?
unlimited
How do we know that short term memory is max 30 seconds?
There was a patient in the 1050’s who lost the LTM part of his brain.
How much information from the cortex is transferred to short term memory?
roughly 5 percent
What three factors influence transfer of memory from short term to long term?
Emotional state, repetition, and association
What is consolidation in LTM? What does it allow for?
The filing of information is important for permanent knowledge.
What is the mechanism of consolidation?
It is information passing through the hippocampus, and the hippocampus sorting and associating them and sending them back as memory traces.
What can make information easier for the hippocampus to recall it?
repetition or mnemonic devices
What parts of the brain does declarative memory activate?
It goes through the association cortex to the medial temporal lobe where it moves between that, the prefrontal cortex, and the thalamus
What parts of the brain does skill memory activate?
It goes through the association cortex and is associated with the substantia nigra by dopamine and passes onto the basal nuclei, then the thalamus and the premotor cortex.
What chemical/structural changes indicate a transfer of information to LTM?
- Neuronal RNA content is altered
- Dendritic spines change shape
- Extracellular proteins are deposited at synapses
- The number and size of synapses may increase
- More NT are released by presynaptic neurons
- New hippocampal neurons appear
What can an EEG diagnose?
Sleep disorders, epilepsy, brain death
How does an EEG measure brain waves?
It measures voltage between various areas
What are the 4 main brain waves and what are their Hz readings?
Alpha waves (8-13Hz)
Beta waves (14-30Hz)
Theta waves (4-7Hz)(mostly seen in children)
Delta waves (4 Hz or less)
What does amplitude implicate?
Synchronous activity of many neurons.
What are the 4 levels of consciousness?
- Alertness
- Drowsiness
- Stupor
- Coma
What is indicative of a coma?
The brain intakes less oxygen
What is REM sleep characterized by?
Higher HR, Bp, eye movement, brain oxygen usage
What are the characteristics of the NREM sleep stages?
stage 1: alpha waves, easy arousal
stage 2: sleep spindles appear, somewhat easy arousal
stage 3: theta/delta waves appear, vital signs decrease
stage 4, only delta , arousal is difficult, sleepwalking may occur
What is the structure of the brain responsible for the circadian rythym?
The suprachiasmatic nucleus above the hypothalamus!
How is the sleep cycle started?
The RAS is inhibited
What helps us wake up?
The hypothalamus releases orexins, the adrenal cortex also releases cortisol
What happens during sleep?
Consolidation of memories, discarding of unnecessary memories, restorative
What are the three sleep disorders we are responsible for? Describe them
- Narcolepsy, awake to sleep quickly, suggested that orexins are destroyed by the immune system
- Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep, and can result from environmental factors
- Sleep apnea is the inability to breathe while sleeping usually due to air pathway obstruction
