unit 6

Question 1

what is the “starting point” and basis, kinda, of this unit and industrialization?

Answer 1

the expansion of railroads within the u.s., which allowed for fast and long-distance transport of goods across the nation. this encouraged mass production and mass consumption. the government was really into railroads. this led to transcontinental railroads.

Question 2

panic of 1893

Answer 2

a quarter of railroads filed for bankruptcy

Question 3

bessemer process

Answer 3

a process by which high quality steel could be made in an easier manner, helped significantly with railroads

Question 4

what did andrew carnegie do and what type of business practice did he utilize?

Answer 4

he had his steel plants, he was a philanthropist but he didn’t necessarily treat his workers well, he used vertical integration, in which the entire process is in-house

Question 5

what is vertical integration?

Answer 5

when the company does everything themselves, like ykk for zippers, or in carnegie’s case, mining the steel and delivering the final product

Question 6

what did john rockefeller do and what was his business practice?

Answer 6

he had standard oil and he used horizontal integration

Question 7

what is horizontal integration?

Answer 7

the process by which a company buys out all competition

Question 8

laissez-faire capitalism

Answer 8

kinda the reason why the major figures of industrialization could do their thing, it means that the government kinda let things be, rooted in adam smith’s writings

Question 9

social darwinism

Answer 9

applied to justify why eugenics, racism, and why the top people were at the top, said that the people at the top were the fittest and so they deserved the wealth and that it would be for the best if they had the wealth

Question 10

gospel of wealth

Answer 10

andrew carnegie’s idea that those with wealth had the duty to invest their wealth into society by philanthropic works

Question 11

sherman antitrust act

Answer 11

passed in 1890 by congress, made such monopolies illegal but worded fairly vaguely

Question 12

how did economy shape classes?

Answer 12

besides the obviously and small-in-number elite, industrialization led to a rise in the middle class, but also a rise in the laborers, and as they didn’t get much pay, the women and the children worked, too, under harsh conditions.

Question 13

labor unions

Answer 13

rose because the wages were shit and the conditions were also shit, but because these jobs were unskilled labor and the workers could easily be replaced, unions rose as they were obviously stronger in numbers

Question 14

great railroad strike of 1877

Answer 14

during a recession, railroad companies cut wages to save money and obviously that wasn’t popular with the workers who went on strike in 11 states, shutting down most of the railroads, the strike became violent and president hayes sent in troops to stop the strike but 100 people were killed

Question 15

pullman strike

Answer 15

in 1894 pullman company (rail cars) cut wages, the union workers who tried to negotiate for higher wages got fired, so eugene debs, union leader, had the workers not work on anything with pullman cars which stopped majority of railroad action, the companies were on the pullman company’s side, ended in debs getting jailed

Question 16

knights of labor

Answer 16

becoming a public entity in 1881, it was open to everyone and it wanted to abolish child labor and to destroy trusts and monopolies

Question 17

haymarket square riot

Answer 17

ended the knights of labor because a bomb exploded, not necessarily a bomb from a member of the kol but still the two were associated and the knights of labor lost membership

Question 18

american federation of labor

Answer 18

association of craft unions, kinda replaced the knights of labor, led by samuel gompers

Question 19

how was immigration in the mid 1800s?

Answer 19

millions of people from ireland and germany, catholic, came over due to political instability and famines and they faced discrimination

Question 20

how did unions react to immigration?

Answer 20

surprisingly, they opposed immigration because they wanted to raise wages and immigrants may accept the low wages, undermining the unions’ goals

Question 21

nativists

Answer 21

opposed the immigration, however, they themselves were also descended from immigrants. they wanted to protect the interests of those that were native-born. the were also kinda against catholocism. they also used social darwinism to justify themselves

Question 22

when was the frontier closed?

Answer 22

it was established to be closed by the census of 1890

Question 23

chinese exclusion act

Answer 23

passed in 1882 which barred further chinese immigration, clearly targeting a group

Question 24

homestead act

Answer 24

in 1862, offered land to people that settled that land and lived there for 5 years, the oklahoma territory included, breaking the indian removal act treaty

Question 25

what did frederick jackson turner argue?

Answer 25

in something he published in 1893, he argued that the frontier closing was major because americans always had the opportunity to expand and go west, but now, where do they go?

Question 26

reservation system

Answer 26

indian nations were assigned tracts of land with strict boundaries, a lot smaller than previous land grants

Question 27

sioux wars

Answer 27

the sioux had a decisive victory against the u.s. in 1866 but in 1871, congress passed the indian appropriation act

Question 28

indian appropriation act

Answer 28

ended federal recognition of the sovereignty of native nations and nullified all treaties, which led to a war that the americans won

Question 29

ghost movement

Answer 29

a nationwide movement of resistance of americans going onto indian land

Question 30

assimilationist movement

Answer 30

attempted to end indian culture by forcing them to adopt “american” practices and their way of life

Question 31

dawes act

Answer 31

passed on 1887, it broke up tribal organization because they thought that was what kept them from assimilating into american culture, and divided land so natives could have citizenship if they lived there and assimilated themselves

Question 32

national grange movement

Answer 32

established in 1868, essentially attempting to protect farmers against trusts and exploitations

Question 33

interstate commerce act

Answer 33

in 1886, which required railroad rates to be reasonable and just and established a federal commission to oversee that process

Question 34

tenements

Answer 34

poorly ventilated, disease ridden housing developments

Question 35

suburbanization

Answer 35

also occurring during industrialization, in which many houses are built outside of the city and this is where the middle and upper classes lived

Question 36

political machines

Answer 36

active in the late 1800s, an obviously corrupt organization that exchanged housing and whatnot in exchange for votes in the company that’s running the machine’s favor

Question 37

tammany hall

Answer 37

a famous political machine in new york city, it controlled politics over there

Question 38

settlement houses

Answer 38

houses that provided social services to the poor to enrich the neighborhood

Question 39

hull house

Answer 39

a settlement house in chicago established by jane addams in 1889 in chicago, where english was taught to immigrants and early childhood education was supported

Question 40

national american woman suffrage association

Answer 40

founded in 1890, it’s really hard to figure out what this organization wants to do

Question 41

temperance

Answer 41

was on the rise, women were heavily involved, promoted the abstinence of alcohol

Question 42

social gospel

Answer 42

the idea that christian principles should be applied to right societal wrongs, encouraging the middle class to rise up and helped support the lower class

Question 43

literature in this era

Answer 43

okay fine mr. casalaspi, maybe that history lesson was important. anyway, realism took over and mark twain is extremely important as a realist writer

Question 44

what is the new south?

Answer 44

a vision for the south based on economic diversity (…), laissez-faire capitalism, and industrial growth, spearheaded by henry grady

Question 45

plessy v. ferguson

Answer 45

in 1896, it established that it was constitutional to have “separate but equal” facilities

Question 46

jim crow laws

Answer 46

a wave of segregation laws and laws in general that established white supremacy

Question 47

how did black people resist the jim crow laws in this era?

Answer 47

ida b. wells wrote papers against it, henry turner started the international migration society which helped facilitate people to migrate to africa, and booker t washington argued for black people to become economically powerful to achieve better lives

Question 48

how were politics in this era?

Answer 48

they were kinda laid back and both parties engaged in winning elections and awarding jobs to party supporters, patronage

Question 49

pendleton act

Answer 49

in 1881, it sought to correct the patronage system for civil service, it created like a competition for the civil service, which semi-worked as now the parties relied on rich people

Question 50

populist party

Answer 50

first met in 1892, they wanted to correct the concentration of economic power, they wanted to put the senator election in the hands of the people and also they wanted to use initiatives and referendums and also advocated for silver, the democrats kinda absorbed them

Question 51

election of 1896

Answer 51

william mckinley, a republican, won