Unit 6: Flashcards
Define polymor
One single unit that’s made up of monomers
Monomers
Building blocks linked together to form a polymor
What is DNA made up
Nucleotides are the monomer
And polymore
(The monomer for nucleic acids is nucleotides
List the three parts of a nucleotide
Phosphate
Deoxyribose (5 carbon atoms)
Nitrogenous
List the four types of nitrogenous
Adenine
Cystosine
Guanine
Thymine
List the two patterns found between nitrogenous
Adenine and Thymine go together
Cytosine and Guanine go together
How does DNA replicate
- An enzyme helicose unwinds and unzip the DNA
- Anneal (prime) the DNA with the enzyme Primase
- Build new strands between the bonds
- Lymose brings the backbone tofether
Steps for PCR
- Unzip DNA with heat to replace helicase
- Artificial primers to anneal
- Build DNA with TAQ polymerase
DNA restriction pattern
GAATTC
CTTAAG
What’s the direction of DNA strands
5 prime to 3 prime
Or
3 prime to 5 prime
- Why does lymose fill in the breaks
Because polymerase only builds new strands in 5 prime to 3 prime resulting in Okazaki fragments. This strand is called the lagging strand
- What is primer made out of ?
RNA
- How do you identify a person with DNA
Take a gel electrophoresis from a crime scene and then take millions of different peoples DNA and compare them to find the exact combination
- How do DNA strands move in a gel electrophoresis
Longer strands stay near the wells while shorter strands move more away
What do all amino acids have
H3N and CH
How does RNA polymerase build the RNA
The polymerase build the RNA by noticing the bottom strand and paring it with its base pair
What are the main differences between RNA and DNA
- single stranded
- RNA polymerase
Instead of T it’s U
How to make MRNA
Polymerase cuts out the introns and keeps the exons. Exons are sent to the ribosomes and ribosomes make amino acids
How do the ribosomes make amino acids
The ribosomes take the universal genetic code and use codons to follow the amino acids
What is RNA used for
To send messages to build proteins
What is the codon ti start
AUG
Nonsense mutation
When a mutation occurs that stops the code
What is frameshift mutation
A mutation that inserts or deletes a base
What is missense mutation
A mutation that creates a different amino acid by replacement
What is a silent mutation
A mutation that replaces a base but the amino acid stays the same
What is tRNA
They bring anticodons that pair with AUG codons which check if the right amino acid is being built
Difference between transcription and translation
Transcription is when it’s being take. Apart into exons and translation is when it’s in the ribosome and amino acids are being created
Why are proteins vital
Because proteins give the cell instructions, transport, act like enzymes
What happens when mistakes are made
Mutations will occur and will create either not correctly shaped proteins or they might stop the process
Steps of protein synthesis
- Make copy of DNA into RNA
- Cut out the introns and then exons create mRNA
- mRNA leaves the ribosome
- As tRNA pairs with the codons in the ribosome anticodons and amino acids are brought creating proteins
Explain transcription
DNA is copied into RNA (AATAAA) and the introns are cut out to keep them exons, creating mRNA
Explain translation
mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome. tRNA comes in and pairs with mRNA with anti-codons. tRNA Carrie’s the amino acids that will be built into proteins
