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Biology Honors > Unit 6: > Flashcards

Unit 6: Flashcards

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1
Q

Define polymor

A

One single unit that’s made up of monomers

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2
Q

Monomers

A

Building blocks linked together to form a polymor

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3
Q

What is DNA made up

A

Nucleotides are the monomer
And polymore

(The monomer for nucleic acids is nucleotides

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4
Q

List the three parts of a nucleotide

A

Phosphate
Deoxyribose (5 carbon atoms)
Nitrogenous

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5
Q

List the four types of nitrogenous

A

Adenine
Cystosine
Guanine
Thymine

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6
Q

List the two patterns found between nitrogenous

A

Adenine and Thymine go together

Cytosine and Guanine go together

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7
Q

How does DNA replicate

A
  1. An enzyme helicose unwinds and unzip the DNA
  2. Anneal (prime) the DNA with the enzyme Primase
  3. Build new strands between the bonds
  4. Lymose brings the backbone tofether
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8
Q

Steps for PCR

A
  1. Unzip DNA with heat to replace helicase
  2. Artificial primers to anneal
  3. Build DNA with TAQ polymerase
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9
Q

DNA restriction pattern

A

GAATTC
CTTAAG

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10
Q

What’s the direction of DNA strands

A

5 prime to 3 prime
Or
3 prime to 5 prime

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11
Q
  • Why does lymose fill in the breaks
A

Because polymerase only builds new strands in 5 prime to 3 prime resulting in Okazaki fragments. This strand is called the lagging strand

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12
Q
  • What is primer made out of ?
A

RNA

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13
Q
  • How do you identify a person with DNA
A

Take a gel electrophoresis from a crime scene and then take millions of different peoples DNA and compare them to find the exact combination

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14
Q
  • How do DNA strands move in a gel electrophoresis
A

Longer strands stay near the wells while shorter strands move more away

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15
Q

What do all amino acids have

A

H3N and CH

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16
Q

How does RNA polymerase build the RNA

A

The polymerase build the RNA by noticing the bottom strand and paring it with its base pair

17
Q

What are the main differences between RNA and DNA

A
  • single stranded
  • RNA polymerase
    Instead of T it’s U
18
Q

How to make MRNA

A

Polymerase cuts out the introns and keeps the exons. Exons are sent to the ribosomes and ribosomes make amino acids

19
Q

How do the ribosomes make amino acids

A

The ribosomes take the universal genetic code and use codons to follow the amino acids

20
Q

What is RNA used for

A

To send messages to build proteins

21
Q

What is the codon ti start

A

AUG

22
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

When a mutation occurs that stops the code

23
Q

What is frameshift mutation

A

A mutation that inserts or deletes a base

24
Q

What is missense mutation

A

A mutation that creates a different amino acid by replacement

25
Q

What is a silent mutation

A

A mutation that replaces a base but the amino acid stays the same

26
Q

What is tRNA

A

They bring anticodons that pair with AUG codons which check if the right amino acid is being built

27
Q

Difference between transcription and translation

A

Transcription is when it’s being take. Apart into exons and translation is when it’s in the ribosome and amino acids are being created

28
Q

Why are proteins vital

A

Because proteins give the cell instructions, transport, act like enzymes

29
Q

What happens when mistakes are made

A

Mutations will occur and will create either not correctly shaped proteins or they might stop the process

30
Q

Steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. Make copy of DNA into RNA
  2. Cut out the introns and then exons create mRNA
  3. mRNA leaves the ribosome
  4. As tRNA pairs with the codons in the ribosome anticodons and amino acids are brought creating proteins
31
Q

Explain transcription

A

DNA is copied into RNA (AATAAA) and the introns are cut out to keep them exons, creating mRNA

32
Q

Explain translation

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome. tRNA comes in and pairs with mRNA with anti-codons. tRNA Carrie’s the amino acids that will be built into proteins

Biology Honors (14 decks)

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