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AP Psych > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Habituation

A

Response decreases with repeated exposure to stimulus

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2
Q

Learning

A

Acquiring new and enduring information/behaviors

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3
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning that 2 events occur together

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

Event/situation that causes a response

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5
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs automatically as a response to a stimulus

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6
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing a response

Learn to say please to get stuff

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7
Q

Cognitive learning

A

Acquisition of mental info
Observing events, others, or through language

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8
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Linking 2+ stimuli and ANTICIPATING events

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9
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning
Dog bell = food
Laid the foundation for behaviorism

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Psych should be studied without reference to mental processes

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11
Q

John B Watson

A

Behaviorism
Little Albert experiment - trained a baby to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud sound (association made him for other white furry objects)

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12
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

Classical conditioning
Stimulus that evokes no response BEFORE conditioning

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13
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

Classical conditioning
Naturally occurring response to an UNCONDITIONED stimulus

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14
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

Classical conditioning
Stimulus that unconditionally evokes an UNCONDITIONED response

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15
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

Classical conditioning
Associated with an unconditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response

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17
Q

Acquisition

A

A neutral stimulus is linked with an unconditioned stimulus

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18
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

A conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus
Creates a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus

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19
Q

Extinction

A

Diminishing of a conditioned response

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20
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of a previously extinguished conditioned response

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21
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency to respond to stimuli that’s similar to the conditioned stimulus

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22
Q

Discrimination

A

Being able to distinguish between a condition stimulus and a similar stimulus

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23
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning
More likely to occur if followed by reinforcer
Less likely to occur if followed by a punisher

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24
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
Behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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25
Q

Operant chamber

A

AKA Skinner box
Has bar/key that animal can manipulate to obtain food/water

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26
Q

Reinforcement

A

Operant conditioning
Event that strengthens behavior that follows

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27
Q

Shaping

A

Operant conditioning
When reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to desired behavior

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28
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

Operan conditioning
Stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

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29
Q

Positive Reinforcement (PR)

A

Operant conditioning
Something good is presented, which encourages the behavior in the future

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30
Q

Negative Reinforcement (NR)

A

Operant conditioning
Something bad is removed or avoided, watching courage is the occurrence of the behavior

31
Q

Positive Punishment (PP)

A

Operant conditioning
Something bad is presented, which which discourages the behavior in the future

32
Q

Negative Punishment (NP)

A

Operant conditioning
Something good is removed, which discourages the behavior in the future

33
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need

34
Q

Conditioned (secondary) reinforcer

A

AKA Secondary Reinforcer
Stimulus that gains reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcer

35
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

Pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

36
Q

Continuous reinforcement schedule

A

Desired response is reinforced every time it occurs

37
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time
Slower

38
Q

Fixed-RATIO schedule

A

Response reinforced a set number of times

39
Q

Variable-RATIO schedule

A

Reinforces response after an unpredictable number of responses

40
Q

Fixed-INTERVAL schedule

A

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

41
Q

Variable-INTERVAL schedule

A

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

42
Q

Punishment

A

Event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

43
Q

Biofeedback

A

Receiving info regarding subtle physiological state
Ex. Blood pressure or muscle tension

44
Q

Preparedness

A

Biological predisposition to learn associations

45
Q

Biological influences of learning

A

Genetic predisposition
Unconditioned responses
Adaptive responses
Neural mirroring

Humans - primary/secondary
Animals - primary

46
Q

Psychological influences on learning

A

Previous experiences
Predict ability of associations
Generalization
Discrimination
Expectations

47
Q

Social-cultural influences on learning

A

Culturally learned preferences
Motivation, affected by presence of others
Modeling

48
Q

Instinctive drift

A

Tendency of learned behaviors to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

49
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that just happens

50
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

51
Q

Insight

A

Sudden realization to a problem’s solution

52
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Learning for learning’s sake

53
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Learning in order to obtain a reward

54
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress directly
Changing the stressor

55
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress by taking care of emotional needs
Avoiding/ignoring stressor

56
Q

Personal control

A

Sense of controlling environment rather than feeling helpless

57
Q

Learned helplessness

A

People/animals eventually give up with repeated exposure to aversive events

58
Q

External locus of control

A

Perception that outside factors control your fste

59
Q

Internal locus of control

A

Perception that you control your own fste

60
Q

Self-control

A

Ability to control impulses for a short delay of time

61
Q

Bobo Doll Experiment

A

Children who were exposed to the sight of an adult woman beating up an inflatable clown resulted in the children also taking their rage out on the clown

62
Q

Observational learning

A

AKA Social learning
Learning by observing others

63
Q

Modeling

A

Process of observing/imitating a specific behavior

64
Q

Mirror neurons

A

When uou watch someone do something, your brain acts like you are doing it yourself

65
Q

Imitation

A

Copying what you see

66
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

When you watch someone do something nice, you are more likely to do something nice

67
Q

Antisocial behavior

A

If you’re surrounded by bad behavior, it makes you more likely to act out

68
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Social learning theory
Bobo doll experiment
Found that learning happens by observing others and modeling their behaviors

69
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

Contingency theory
Expand it on Pavlov’s work
Studied frequency of associations and anticipation

70
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Operant conditioning
Use reinforcer/consequences to change behaviors
Skinner box

71
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Learning theory
Law of effect
Studied how cats, learn to escape from a puzzle box
Work led to development of operant conditioning

72
Q

Edward Tolman

A

Latent learning
Trained rats to run a maze without a reward

73
Q

John Garicia

A

Classical conditioning
Conditioned taste aversion
Found that if a rat got sick from a food, it will avoid that food forever

AP Psych (14 decks)

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