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AP Psych > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Habituation

A

Response decreases with repeated exposure to stimulus

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2
Q

Learning

A

Acquiring new and enduring information/behaviors

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3
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning that 2 events occur together

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

Event/situation that causes a response

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5
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs automatically as a response to a stimulus

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6
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing a response

Learn to say please to get stuff

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7
Q

Cognitive learning

A

Acquisition of mental info
Observing events, others, or through language

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8
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Linking 2+ stimuli and ANTICIPATING events

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9
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning
Dog bell = food
Laid the foundation for behaviorism

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Psych should be studied without reference to mental processes

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11
Q

John B Watson

A

Behaviorism
Little Albert experiment - trained a baby to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud sound (association made him for other white furry objects)

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12
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

Classical conditioning
Stimulus that evokes no response BEFORE conditioning

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13
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

Classical conditioning
Naturally occurring response to an UNCONDITIONED stimulus

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14
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

Classical conditioning
Stimulus that unconditionally evokes an UNCONDITIONED response

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15
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

Learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

Classical conditioning
Associated with an unconditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response

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17
Q

Acquisition

A

A neutral stimulus is linked with an unconditioned stimulus

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18
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

A conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus
Creates a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus

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19
Q

Extinction

A

Diminishing of a conditioned response

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20
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of a previously extinguished conditioned response

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21
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency to respond to stimuli that’s similar to the conditioned stimulus

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22
Q

Discrimination

A

Being able to distinguish between a condition stimulus and a similar stimulus

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23
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning
More likely to occur if followed by reinforcer
Less likely to occur if followed by a punisher

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24
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
Behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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25
Operant chamber
AKA Skinner box Has bar/key that animal can manipulate to obtain food/water
26
Reinforcement
Operant conditioning Event that strengthens behavior that follows
27
Shaping
Operant conditioning When reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to desired behavior
28
Discriminative Stimulus
Operan conditioning Stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
29
Positive Reinforcement (PR)
Operant conditioning Something good is presented, which encourages the behavior in the future
30
Negative Reinforcement (NR)
Operant conditioning Something bad is removed or avoided, watching courage is the occurrence of the behavior
31
Positive Punishment (PP)
Operant conditioning Something bad is presented, which which discourages the behavior in the future
32
Negative Punishment (NP)
Operant conditioning Something good is removed, which discourages the behavior in the future
33
Primary reinforcer
A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need
34
Conditioned (secondary) reinforcer
AKA Secondary Reinforcer Stimulus that gains reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcer
35
Reinforcement schedule
Pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
36
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Desired response is reinforced every time it occurs
37
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
Reinforcing a response only part of the time Slower
38
Fixed-RATIO schedule
Response reinforced a set number of times
39
Variable-RATIO schedule
Reinforces response after an unpredictable number of responses
40
Fixed-INTERVAL schedule
Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
41
Variable-INTERVAL schedule
Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
42
Punishment
Event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
43
Biofeedback
Receiving info regarding subtle physiological state Ex. Blood pressure or muscle tension
44
Preparedness
Biological predisposition to learn associations
45
Biological influences of learning
Genetic predisposition Unconditioned responses Adaptive responses Neural mirroring Humans - primary/secondary Animals - primary
46
Psychological influences on learning
Previous experiences Predict ability of associations Generalization Discrimination Expectations
47
Social-cultural influences on learning
Culturally learned preferences Motivation, affected by presence of others Modeling
48
Instinctive drift
Tendency of learned behaviors to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
49
Latent learning
Learning that just happens
50
Cognitive map
Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
51
Insight
Sudden realization to a problem’s solution
52
Intrinsic motivation
Learning for learning’s sake
53
Extrinsic motivation
Learning in order to obtain a reward
54
Problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly Changing the stressor
55
Emotion-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by taking care of emotional needs Avoiding/ignoring stressor
56
Personal control
Sense of controlling environment rather than feeling helpless
57
Learned helplessness
People/animals eventually give up with repeated exposure to aversive events
58
External locus of control
Perception that outside factors control your fste
59
Internal locus of control
Perception that you control your own fste
60
Self-control
Ability to control impulses for a short delay of time
61
Bobo Doll Experiment
Children who were exposed to the sight of an adult woman beating up an inflatable clown resulted in the children also taking their rage out on the clown
62
Observational learning
AKA Social learning Learning by observing others
63
Modeling
Process of observing/imitating a specific behavior
64
Mirror neurons
When uou watch someone do something, your brain acts like you are doing it yourself
65
Imitation
Copying what you see
66
Prosocial behavior
When you watch someone do something nice, you are more likely to do something nice
67
Antisocial behavior
If you’re surrounded by bad behavior, it makes you more likely to act out
68
Albert Bandura
Social learning theory Bobo doll experiment Found that learning happens by observing others and modeling their behaviors
69
Robert Rescorla
Contingency theory Expand it on Pavlov’s work Studied frequency of associations and anticipation
70
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning Use reinforcer/consequences to change behaviors Skinner box
71
Edward Thorndike
Learning theory Law of effect Studied how cats, learn to escape from a puzzle box Work led to development of operant conditioning
72
Edward Tolman
Latent learning Trained rats to run a maze without a reward
73
John Garicia
Classical conditioning Conditioned taste aversion Found that if a rat got sick from a food, it will avoid that food forever

AP Psych (14 decks)

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