Unit 6 Flashcards
Habituation
Response decreases with repeated exposure to stimulus
Learning
Acquiring new and enduring information/behaviors
Associative Learning
Learning that 2 events occur together
Stimulus
Event/situation that causes a response
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs automatically as a response to a stimulus
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing a response
Learn to say please to get stuff
Cognitive learning
Acquisition of mental info
Observing events, others, or through language
Classical conditioning
Linking 2+ stimuli and ANTICIPATING events
Ivan Pavlov
Classical conditioning
Dog bell = food
Laid the foundation for behaviorism
Behaviorism
Psych should be studied without reference to mental processes
John B Watson
Behaviorism
Little Albert experiment - trained a baby to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud sound (association made him for other white furry objects)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Classical conditioning
Stimulus that evokes no response BEFORE conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Classical conditioning
Naturally occurring response to an UNCONDITIONED stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Classical conditioning
Stimulus that unconditionally evokes an UNCONDITIONED response
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Classical conditioning
Associated with an unconditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned response
Acquisition
A neutral stimulus is linked with an unconditioned stimulus
Higher-order conditioning
A conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus
Creates a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus
Extinction
Diminishing of a conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance, after a pause, of a previously extinguished conditioned response
Generalization
Tendency to respond to stimuli that’s similar to the conditioned stimulus
Discrimination
Being able to distinguish between a condition stimulus and a similar stimulus
Operant conditioning
Learning
More likely to occur if followed by reinforcer
Less likely to occur if followed by a punisher
Law of effect
Thorndike
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
Behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Operant chamber
AKA Skinner box
Has bar/key that animal can manipulate to obtain food/water
Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Event that strengthens behavior that follows
Shaping
Operant conditioning
When reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to desired behavior
Discriminative Stimulus
Operan conditioning
Stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement (PR)
Operant conditioning
Something good is presented, which encourages the behavior in the future
Negative Reinforcement (NR)
Operant conditioning
Something bad is removed or avoided, watching courage is the occurrence of the behavior
Positive Punishment (PP)
Operant conditioning
Something bad is presented, which which discourages the behavior in the future
Negative Punishment (NP)
Operant conditioning
Something good is removed, which discourages the behavior in the future
Primary reinforcer
A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned (secondary) reinforcer
AKA Secondary Reinforcer
Stimulus that gains reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcer
Reinforcement schedule
Pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Desired response is reinforced every time it occurs
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
Reinforcing a response only part of the time
Slower
Fixed-RATIO schedule
Response reinforced a set number of times
Variable-RATIO schedule
Reinforces response after an unpredictable number of responses
Fixed-INTERVAL schedule
Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Variable-INTERVAL schedule
Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Punishment
Event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
Biofeedback
Receiving info regarding subtle physiological state
Ex. Blood pressure or muscle tension
Preparedness
Biological predisposition to learn associations
Biological influences of learning
Genetic predisposition
Unconditioned responses
Adaptive responses
Neural mirroring
Humans - primary/secondary
Animals - primary
Psychological influences on learning
Previous experiences
Predict ability of associations
Generalization
Discrimination
Expectations
Social-cultural influences on learning
Culturally learned preferences
Motivation, affected by presence of others
Modeling
Instinctive drift
Tendency of learned behaviors to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
Latent learning
Learning that just happens
Cognitive map
Mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Insight
Sudden realization to a problem’s solution
Intrinsic motivation
Learning for learning’s sake
Extrinsic motivation
Learning in order to obtain a reward
Problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly
Changing the stressor
Emotion-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by taking care of emotional needs
Avoiding/ignoring stressor
Personal control
Sense of controlling environment rather than feeling helpless
Learned helplessness
People/animals eventually give up with repeated exposure to aversive events
External locus of control
Perception that outside factors control your fste
Internal locus of control
Perception that you control your own fste
Self-control
Ability to control impulses for a short delay of time
Bobo Doll Experiment
Children who were exposed to the sight of an adult woman beating up an inflatable clown resulted in the children also taking their rage out on the clown
Observational learning
AKA Social learning
Learning by observing others
Modeling
Process of observing/imitating a specific behavior
Mirror neurons
When uou watch someone do something, your brain acts like you are doing it yourself
Imitation
Copying what you see
Prosocial behavior
When you watch someone do something nice, you are more likely to do something nice
Antisocial behavior
If you’re surrounded by bad behavior, it makes you more likely to act out
Albert Bandura
Social learning theory
Bobo doll experiment
Found that learning happens by observing others and modeling their behaviors
Robert Rescorla
Contingency theory
Expand it on Pavlov’s work
Studied frequency of associations and anticipation
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning
Use reinforcer/consequences to change behaviors
Skinner box
Edward Thorndike
Learning theory
Law of effect
Studied how cats, learn to escape from a puzzle box
Work led to development of operant conditioning
Edward Tolman
Latent learning
Trained rats to run a maze without a reward
John Garicia
Classical conditioning
Conditioned taste aversion
Found that if a rat got sick from a food, it will avoid that food forever