Unit 11 Flashcards
Intelligence
Ability to learn from experience, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Grit
Passion/perseverance in the long-term pursuit of goals
Reification
When you reduce yourself to a number (bad)
Intelligence Test
Method of assessing someone’s mental aptitude
Spearman’s General Intelligence Test
Underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test
G factor (Spearman)
A single underlying factor that is responsible for a person’s overall intelligence
Factor analysis
Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) on a test
L.L. Thurstone
Identified 7 clusters of primary mental abilities
Didn’t want to rank people on a single scale of aptitude
word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory
Santos hi Kanazawa
Argued intelligence is the ability to solve novel problems and create new ideas
“Street smarts”
ex. Stopping a fire from spreading
Savant Syndrome
Someone who has awesome abilities in one area and lacks in another
Howard Gardner
Viewed intelligence as multiple abilities (8 intelligences)
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Musical
Spatial
Body kinesthetics
Interpersonal (knowing yourself)
Intrapersonal (knowing others)
Naturalistic (in tune with nature)
Robert Sternberg’s 3 Intelligences
Analytical (test scores, grades, problem solving)
Creative (ability to adapt and create new things)
Practical (street smarts)
- negative correlation to analytical
- positive correlation to successful life
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to perceive, manage, understand, and use emotions
Neural Plasticity
Brain changes the more you use it
Perceptual Speed
correlation between intelligence test scores and speed is about +0.3 to +0.5
Neural processing speed
how fast neurons fire and pass messages
Francis Galton’s Intelligence Test
Encourage those of high ability to mate with one another
I’d your IQ was below 75 you could be sterilized
Said the size and shape of a person’s head could objectively measure his/her intelligence,
Alfred Binet
Wanted to support those who struggle in school
Tested kids’ mental ages
Self-fulfilling prophecy
When a person’s expectations of another individual leads the individual to act in an expected way
Mental age
Mental ability age
Chronological age
Real age
IQ
(Mental age / chronological age) * 100
Average IQ is 100 on bell curve
Stanford-Binet Test
Created by Lewis Terman
Adapted some of Binet’s original ideas
Terman’s Termites
longitudinal study that tracked the lives of gifted children
Tracking
Splitting kids up into different tracks in school
AP track
Honors track
Regular Track
Achievement test
Tests what you know
Aptitude test
Predicts a person’s full potential
WAIS (adults) and WSC (kids)
David Wechsler
Most widely used intelligence scale
Flynn Effect
Jane Flynn
Intelligence test scores have been improving
Reliability
Is the test reliable?
Consistent scores?
Test-retest reliability
Comparing someone’s test scores after taking it 2 times
Split-half reliability
Looking at the degree of similarity betwoon scores on 2 halves of the test.
Is the 1st half consistent with the 2nd half?
Validity
Does the test measure/predict what it’s supposed to?
Predictive Validity
Does the test predict what it’s supposed to?
Content validity
Does the test measure what it’s supposed to? (Content-wise)
Standardization
When a test has already been pre-tested on a group
Longitudinal evidence
Studying a group of people for a long period of time
Cohort
A group of people from a given time period
ex. People in their 20s
Cross-Sectional Evidence
Test and compare people of various ages
Crystallized intelligence
Cattel and Horn
Accumulated knowledge
Increases with age
Fluid intelligence
Cattel and Horn
Ability to reason speedily and abstractly
Decreases with sge
Intellectual disability
A condition of limited mental ability
Difficulty adapting to new situations
Mental Disability IQs
55-70 = mental age of 12 (independent)
40-55 = mental age of 8
(semi-independent)
25-40 = mental age of 4
(24/7 care needed)
Fragile X
Most abnormal genes are found on the X chromosome
Heritability
Proportion of variability between people that can be attributed to genes
Polygenetic
Phenotype put together with more than one gene
Project Headstart 1965
U.S. government funded preschool program that serves more than 900,000 kids (most in families below poverty level)
IQ score differences
Differences in IQ scores are socio-economical
Stereotype threat
A sell-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
Oak School Experiment
Rosenthal and Jacobson
Teachers were told that randomly selected students were gifted. By the end of the year teacher bias made the kids high achievers
