Unit 2 Test Flashcards
“I knew it all along” phenomenon
Hindsight Bias
Thinking you know more than you do.
Overconfidence
Hindsight bias, overconfidence, and eagerness to perceive patterns in random events leads us to overestimate the weight of our _______
Common sense thinking
What is included in the scientific attitude?
Curiosity
Skepticism
Humility
Just a hunch
Theory
A testable prediction
Hypothesis
Define: operational definitions
Carefully worded statements of the exact procedures used in a research study. (This is so others can replicate it)
Repeating a study with different participants, materials, and circumstances
Replication
A good theory…
Leads to a clear hypothesis
Organizes observations
Stimulates further research that leads to a revised theory
Scientific Method
Theory ➡️ Hypothesis ➡️ Research and Observations
In-depth analysis of an individual (hopes to reveal universal principles)
Case Study
Observing and recording natural behavior WITHOUT trying to manipulate or control the situation.
DESCRIBES behavior.
Naturalistic Observation
Research method that has participants self-report attitudes, behaviors, and opinions/beliefs.
Survey
Questions in a survey must be carefully worded.
Ex. “Do you believe in aliens?” vs “Do you believe there is intelligent life in the universe?”
Wording Effect
Sampling process that produces an under-representative sample
Sampling bias
The whole group you want to study and describe
Population
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of being selected
Random sample
Are large representative samples or small representative samples better?
Large
Relationship between 2 factors (how well one predicts the other)
Prediction, never causation
Correlation
|
| *
| *
| *
|____________
+ + OR - -
+1.00
Positive correlation
+ -
-1.00
*
| *
| *
| *
|______________
Negative Correlation
0.05 - 0
* *
| *
| * *
| *
|______________
Chance, no correlation
Perceiving a correlation where one doesn’t exist
Illusory correlation
After an unusual event, thing tend to return to their average level
Regression towards the mean
Research method where a variable is manipulated
Experiment
Group exposed to the treatment
Experimental group
Group that does not receive treatment
Control group
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
Random assignment
Procedure where neither the participants nor the researchers know who has received the treatment
Double-blind procedure
Variable being manipulated
Independent variable
Factors (other than the one being studied) that can effect the results of a study
Confounding variables
Variable that changes based on the independent variable
Dependent variable
An experiment has _________ if it tests or measures what it was supposed to
Validity
True or False: Behavior depends on culture
True
Genders tend to have more __________ than ____________
Similarities than differences
Research on animals must be ________
Reasons: tests medicine, helps us understand human psychology
Ethical
Ethics Codes of the APA
Informed Consent (can’t force people)
Protect from harm/discomfort
Maintain confidentiality
Debrief (explain experiment afterwards)
Deception (can’t give false info to participants)
Right to withdraw (can leave experiment at any time)
Numerical data used to measure/describe characteristics
Descriptive Statistics
Erasures how central scores are
Deals with the MEAN
Central Tendency
Range difference between highest and lowest score
Deals with STANDARD DEVIATION (how much scores vary around the mean)
Variability
Data that allows you to generalize
Inferential statistics
Define: Statistical Significance
How likely it is that an obtained result occurred by CHANCE
Scores often form a ________ curve
Normal
