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AP Psych > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

“I knew it all along” phenomenon

A

Hindsight Bias

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2
Q

Thinking you know more than you do.

A

Overconfidence

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3
Q

Hindsight bias, overconfidence, and eagerness to perceive patterns in random events leads us to overestimate the weight of our _______

A

Common sense thinking

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4
Q

What is included in the scientific attitude?

A

Curiosity
Skepticism
Humility

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5
Q

Just a hunch

A

Theory

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6
Q

A testable prediction

A

Hypothesis

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7
Q

Define: operational definitions

A

Carefully worded statements of the exact procedures used in a research study. (This is so others can replicate it)

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8
Q

Repeating a study with different participants, materials, and circumstances

A

Replication

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9
Q

A good theory…

A

Leads to a clear hypothesis
Organizes observations
Stimulates further research that leads to a revised theory

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10
Q

Scientific Method

A

Theory ➡️ Hypothesis ➡️ Research and Observations

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11
Q

In-depth analysis of an individual (hopes to reveal universal principles)

A

Case Study

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12
Q

Observing and recording natural behavior WITHOUT trying to manipulate or control the situation.
DESCRIBES behavior.

A

Naturalistic Observation

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13
Q

Research method that has participants self-report attitudes, behaviors, and opinions/beliefs.

A

Survey

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14
Q

Questions in a survey must be carefully worded.
Ex. “Do you believe in aliens?” vs “Do you believe there is intelligent life in the universe?”

A

Wording Effect

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15
Q

Sampling process that produces an under-representative sample

A

Sampling bias

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16
Q

The whole group you want to study and describe

A

Population

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17
Q

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of being selected

A

Random sample

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18
Q

Are large representative samples or small representative samples better?

A

Large

19
Q

Relationship between 2 factors (how well one predicts the other)
Prediction, never causation

A

Correlation

20
Q

|
| *
| *
| *
|____________

+ + OR - -

+1.00

A

Positive correlation

21
Q

+ -

-1.00

*
| *
| *
| *
|______________

A

Negative Correlation

22
Q

0.05 - 0

* *
| *
| * *
| *
|______________

A

Chance, no correlation

23
Q

Perceiving a correlation where one doesn’t exist

A

Illusory correlation

24
Q

After an unusual event, thing tend to return to their average level

A

Regression towards the mean

25
Q

Research method where a variable is manipulated

A

Experiment

26
Q

Group exposed to the treatment

A

Experimental group

27
Q

Group that does not receive treatment

A

Control group

28
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance

A

Random assignment

29
Q

Procedure where neither the participants nor the researchers know who has received the treatment

A

Double-blind procedure

30
Q

Variable being manipulated

A

Independent variable

31
Q

Factors (other than the one being studied) that can effect the results of a study

A

Confounding variables

32
Q

Variable that changes based on the independent variable

A

Dependent variable

33
Q

An experiment has _________ if it tests or measures what it was supposed to

A

Validity

34
Q

True or False: Behavior depends on culture

A

True

35
Q

Genders tend to have more __________ than ____________

A

Similarities than differences

36
Q

Research on animals must be ________
Reasons: tests medicine, helps us understand human psychology

A

Ethical

37
Q

Ethics Codes of the APA

A

Informed Consent (can’t force people)
Protect from harm/discomfort
Maintain confidentiality
Debrief (explain experiment afterwards)
Deception (can’t give false info to participants)
Right to withdraw (can leave experiment at any time)

38
Q

Numerical data used to measure/describe characteristics

A

Descriptive Statistics

39
Q

Erasures how central scores are
Deals with the MEAN

A

Central Tendency

40
Q

Range difference between highest and lowest score
Deals with STANDARD DEVIATION (how much scores vary around the mean)

A

Variability

41
Q

Data that allows you to generalize

A

Inferential statistics

42
Q

Define: Statistical Significance

A

How likely it is that an obtained result occurred by CHANCE

43
Q

Scores often form a ________ curve

A

Normal

AP Psych (14 decks)

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