Unit 2 Test

Question 1

“I knew it all along” phenomenon

Answer 1

Hindsight Bias

Question 2

Thinking you know more than you do.

Answer 2

Overconfidence

Question 3

Hindsight bias, overconfidence, and eagerness to perceive patterns in random events leads us to overestimate the weight of our _______

Answer 3

Common sense thinking

Question 4

What is included in the scientific attitude?

Answer 4

Curiosity
Skepticism
Humility

Question 5

Just a hunch

Answer 5

Theory

Question 6

A testable prediction

Answer 6

Hypothesis

Question 7

Define: operational definitions

Answer 7

Carefully worded statements of the exact procedures used in a research study. (This is so others can replicate it)

Question 8

Repeating a study with different participants, materials, and circumstances

Answer 8

Replication

Question 9

A good theory…

Answer 9

Leads to a clear hypothesis
Organizes observations
Stimulates further research that leads to a revised theory

Question 10

Scientific Method

Answer 10

Theory ➡️ Hypothesis ➡️ Research and Observations

Question 11

In-depth analysis of an individual (hopes to reveal universal principles)

Answer 11

Case Study

Question 12

Observing and recording natural behavior WITHOUT trying to manipulate or control the situation.
DESCRIBES behavior.

Answer 12

Naturalistic Observation

Question 13

Research method that has participants self-report attitudes, behaviors, and opinions/beliefs.

Answer 13

Survey

Question 14

Questions in a survey must be carefully worded.
Ex. “Do you believe in aliens?” vs “Do you believe there is intelligent life in the universe?”

Answer 14

Wording Effect

Question 15

Sampling process that produces an under-representative sample

Answer 15

Sampling bias

Question 16

The whole group you want to study and describe

Answer 16

Population

Question 17

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of being selected

Answer 17

Random sample

Question 18

Are large representative samples or small representative samples better?

Answer 18

Large

Question 19

Relationship between 2 factors (how well one predicts the other)
Prediction, never causation

Answer 19

Correlation

Question 20

|
| *
| *
| *
|____________

+ + OR - -

+1.00

Answer 20

Positive correlation

Question 21

+ -

-1.00

*
| *
| *
| *
|______________

Answer 21

Negative Correlation

Question 22

0.05 - 0

* *
| *
| * *
| *
|______________

Answer 22

Chance, no correlation

Question 23

Perceiving a correlation where one doesn’t exist

Answer 23

Illusory correlation

Question 24

After an unusual event, thing tend to return to their average level

Answer 24

Regression towards the mean

Question 25

Research method where a variable is manipulated

Answer 25

Experiment

Question 26

Group exposed to the treatment

Answer 26

Experimental group

Question 27

Group that does not receive treatment

Answer 27

Control group

Question 28

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance

Answer 28

Random assignment

Question 29

Procedure where neither the participants nor the researchers know who has received the treatment

Answer 29

Double-blind procedure

Question 30

Variable being manipulated

Answer 30

Independent variable

Question 31

Factors (other than the one being studied) that can effect the results of a study

Answer 31

Confounding variables

Question 32

Variable that changes based on the independent variable

Answer 32

Dependent variable

Question 33

An experiment has _________ if it tests or measures what it was supposed to

Answer 33

Validity

Question 34

True or False: Behavior depends on culture

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Genders tend to have more __________ than ____________

Answer 35

Similarities than differences

Question 36

Research on animals must be ________ Reasons: tests medicine, helps us understand human psychology

Answer 36

Ethical

Question 37

Ethics Codes of the APA

Answer 37

Informed Consent (can’t force people) Protect from harm/discomfort Maintain confidentiality Debrief (explain experiment afterwards) Deception (can’t give false info to participants) Right to withdraw (can leave experiment at any time)

Question 38

Numerical data used to measure/describe characteristics

Answer 38

Descriptive Statistics

Question 39

Erasures how central scores are Deals with the MEAN

Answer 39

Central Tendency

Question 40

Range difference between highest and lowest score Deals with STANDARD DEVIATION (how much scores vary around the mean)

Answer 40

Variability

Question 41

Data that allows you to generalize

Answer 41

Inferential statistics

Question 42

Define: Statistical Significance

Answer 42

How likely it is that an obtained result occurred by CHANCE

Question 43

Scores often form a ________ curve

Answer 43

Normal