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AP Psych > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible object when your attention is directed elsewhere

Monkey video

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2
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face blindness

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3
Q

Sensation

A

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system

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4
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Sensory nerve ending that respond to stimuli

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5
Q

Perception

A

Process of organizing and interpreting info sensory information

Lets us recognize meaningful objects and events

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6
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Sensation
Sensory receptors&raquo_space;> brain’s integration of sensory info

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7
Q

Top-down processing

A

Info processed by higher level mental processes

Constructing perceptions based on experiences and expectations

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8
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

Exposed to something and then wanting it later

Seeing a product on tv and then wanting to buy it later

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9
Q

Selective attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimuli

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10
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Being able to pay attention to one voice in a loud room

If someone says your name your consciousness immediately brings that voice into attention

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11
Q

Change blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment

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12
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another that the brain can use

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13
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of the relationships between the physical energy we can detect and its effects on our psychological experiences

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14
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

Studied our awareness of faint stimuli (absolute threshold)

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15
Q

Absolute threshold

A

MINIMUM stimuli necessary to detect a particular stimuli 50% of the time

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16
Q

Signal detection theory

A

How and when we detect stimuli amid background stimulation

Assumes there is no single absolute threshold

Detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivations, and alertness

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17
Q

Subliminal

A

Below one’s threshold for CONSCIOUS awareness

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18
Q

Priming

A

Unconsciously activating associations that predispose people’s perception, memory, or cognition

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19
Q

Difference Threshold (just noticeable difference)

A

MINIMUM stimulus difference a person can DETECT half the time

Ex. Probably notice TV volume going from 10 to 15, but not 40 to 45

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20
Q

Weber’s Law

A

To be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum PERCENTAGE,
NOT a constant AMOUNT

(Difference threshold but with percentages)

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21
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Going nose-blind
Not feeling the clothes you’re wearing

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22
Q

Perceptual set

A

Mental dispositions to perceive one thing and not another

What we expect to see is often influenced by what is around us

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23
Q

Context effect

A

Someone 6’9 will look short standing next to someone 7’9

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24
Q

Motivation on perception

A

Motivation gives us energy as we work toward a goal

Thirsty person will perceive a water bottle as closet than it actually is

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25
Emotion on perception
Emotion can push perceptions one way or another Hearing sad music can make people hear the sadder versions of words (mourning instead of morning)
26
ESP (Extrasensory Perception)
Controversial Perception can occur apart from sensory input Ex. Telepathy - reading minds Clairvoyance - perceiving remote events (house fire in different state) Precognition - telling the future
27
Parapsychology
Study of paranormal phenomena Ex. ESP Psychokinesis - moving stuff with your mind
28
Wavelength
The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.
29
Hue
The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light What we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.
30
Intensity
The amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave Influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness Intensity is determined by the wave's AMPLITUDE (height).
31
Color - Short Wavelength
High frequency Blue colors
32
Color - Long wavelength
Low frequency Red colors
33
Color - High amplitude
Bright colors
34
Color - Small amplitude
Dull colors
35
Cornea
The eye's clear, protective outer layer Covers the pupil and iris
36
Pupil
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
37
Iris
Colored part of eye Controls size of pupil opening
38
Lens
Transparent structure behind the pupil Changes shape to help focus images on the retina
39
Retina
Light sensitive inner surface of eye Contains rods and cones
40
Accommodation
Eyes’ lenses change shape to focus near/far objects on the retina
41
Rods
Black and white 120 million Useful for seeing in dim lighting
42
Cones
6 million Colors Good for seeing details
43
Optic nerve
Carries neural impulses from eye to the brain
44
Bipolar cells
Connect rods and cones with the ganglion cells
45
Ganglion cells
Form the optic nerve
46
Fovea
central focal point in the retina Where the eye's cones cluster
47
Blind spot
Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye No receptor cells located there
48
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
Theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors: red, green, and blue Can produce the perception of any color when combined
49
Afterimages
Red + Green Blue + Yellow White + Black
50
Opponent-Process Theory
Theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-vellow, white-black) enable color vision.
51
Feature detectors
Nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.
52
Parallel processes
Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously Motion, form, depth, color
53
Process of seeing
Retinal processing (rods/cones > bipolar cells > ganglion cells) Feature detection (edges, lines, angles) Parallel processing Recognition
54
Gestalt
Organized form/whole We tend to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
55
Figure-ground
Specific figures stand out from surroundings (ground)
56
Grouping
Perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups Proximity Continuity Closure
57
Depth perception
Ability to see in 3D Allows us to judge distance Partly innate
58
Visual cliff
Laboratory device to test depth perception in babies and animals
59
Monocular cues
Depth cues available to either eye alone Linear perspective Interposition (one object blocks another, we perceive it as closer) Relative height Relative size Relative motion Light and shadow Texture and gradient
60
Proximity
We group objects that are close together
61
Similarity
We group things that look similar
62
Binocular cues
Can only be seen with both eyes Retinal disparity (brain takes left and right eye view to create 3D object) Convergence (brain takes left and right eye view to judge distance)
63
Phi phenomenon
Illusion where quick blinking lights look like a single light is moving
64
Perceptual constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.
65
Color constancy
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if lighting seems to alter the color
66
Light constancy
Perceiving an object to have consistent brightness even if surround lighting changes
67
Shape constancy
Perceiving familiar shapes of objects as constant Door stays the same shape even if it looks different as it’s opening
68
Size constancy
Perceiving objects as having an unchanged size even as distance varies
69
Perceptual adaptation
Ability to adjust to an changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
70
Audition
Sense of hearing
71
Hearing: Amplitude
Loudness
72
Frequency
Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
73
Pitch
Tone’s experienced highness or lowness
74
Hearing - short wavelength
High frequency High pitch
75
Hearing - long wavelength
Low frequency Low pitch
76
Hearing - high amplitude
Loud
77
Hearing - low amplitude
Soft/Quiet
78
Outer ear
Sound waves travel through AUDITORY CANAL to the EARDRUM
79
Middle ear
Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea Vibrations of HAMMER, ANVIL, and STIRRUP are transmitted to cochlea
80
Cochlea
Fluid filled tube in inner ear Triggers nerve impulses when sound waves pass through
81
Inner ear
Innermost part of ear Cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs
82
Basilar membrane
Connects to auditory nerves which go to auditory cortex
83
Conduction hearing loss
Less common Damage to mechanical systems that sends sound waves to cochlea
84
Sensesorineural hearing loss
Damage from repeated exposure to loud noises
85
Cochlea implant
Device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.
86
Place theory
Theory that links the pitch we hear with the part of the cochlea that is stimulated High pitched sounds
87
Frequency theory
Theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone Low pitched sounds
88
Types of touch
Pressure Warmth Cold Pain
89
Sensation of hot
Warm + cold
90
Biological influences of pain
• activity in spinal cord's large and small fibers • genetic differences in endorphin production • the brain's interpretation of central nervous system activity
91
Psychological influences of pain
• attention to pain • learning based on experience • expectations
92
Social influences of pain
• presence of others • empathy for others' pain • cultural expectations
93
Phantom limb sensations
Feeling pain in a limb that was amputated
94
Tinnitus
Phantom sounds Ringing in the ear
95
Gate-Control Theory
Spinal cord has neurological gate that either blocks pain signals or allows them to reach the brain
96
Pain treatment
Procedures Drugs Placebos Distractions
97
Taste buds
Over 200 Catches food chemicals
98
Age and taste
Growing older = decreasing taste buds and taste sensitivity
99
Olfaction
Sense of smell
100
Anosmia
People unable to smell
101
Odor molecules
Different shapes/sizes 350+ receptor proteins needed to recognize different odor molecules
102
Olfactory bulb
Receives neural input about odors detected by cells in the nasal cavity
103
Olfactory nerve
Sensory nerve that conveys sense of smell
104
Smell greatly influences _______
Taste
105
Kinesthesis
System for sensing the position and movement on individual body parts Brain is updated on position of body parts
106
Vestibular sense
Sense of balance, body movement and position Semicircular canals
107
Sensory interaction
Principal that one sense may influence another Ex. Smell and taste
108
Embodied cognition
influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
109
Synesthesia
When one sensation (hearing a sound) produces another (seeing a color)

AP Psych (14 decks)

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