unit 5.2: dawn of democracy, start of negotiations

Question 1

Why did pw botha urge the need for a different approach

Answer 1

By 1989 the np was experiencing increasing pressure from internal mass resistance as was well was pressure cause by international isolation

Question 2

explain the secret negotiations

Answer 2

it became clear white business leaders and Politian’s that the banned ANC could not be ignored if a solutions to South Africa’s problems are to be found in 1985 business leaders meet anc in lusaka. 1987 liberal Afrikaners meet anc leaders in Senegal. it was clear that although the ANC remained banned, people begun to accept that is had a crucial role to play in determining south aftrica future

Question 3

What did the government realise after talks with Nelson Mandela

Answer 3

althought they moved him Mandela from Robben Island to a prison in on the mainland, and they had secret talks with mandela (1985) where Mandela rejected any offer unless it was unconditional in 1988 they moved him to a house in victor verster. But it was clear that no solution could be reached if Mandela was still in prison.

Question 4

What were the details of FW de klerks announcement in 2 February 1990

Answer 4

1- unbanning of ANC, PAC and SACP
2-realease of political prisoners without any conditions
3- easing of restrictions: banning orders, censorship, suspension of the death penalty
4- willingness to work with all political groups to create a new democratic constitution

Question 5

What were the conditions the ANC in order for negotiations to proceed

Answer 5

ANC refused to enter negotiations until remaining political prisoners’ were released

Question 6

What were the obstacles faced by the ANC during the negotiations

Answer 6

1- differences in opinions over ideologies and tatics amongst the ANC leader ( chris hani temp call off armed struggle 1991)
2- The ANC had been banned for 30 years and party had to build up an organizational structure in the country it had to transform itself from a liberal movement to a political party
3- There were differences and possible clashes between returning exiles and leaders who remained in the country, those in exile believed that they had been carrying a burden of resistance struggle while those who stayed resented the fact that returning exiles were now taking control and their efforts were being overlooked
4- expectations of millions of people in townships who had participated in the resistance struggles of the 1980s were impatient to change

Question 7

What were the Obstacles the national party faced

Answer 7

1- leaving national Party to join conservative party
2- sympathetic to police and army, suspected to opposed any negotiations
3- hoped np would remain in powerful position formed alliance with Inkhata

Question 8

Explain the third force

Answer 8

a group of army and police who were suspected of stirring up violence between Inkatha and anc supporters. third force caused tension and terror. Many people questioned the sincerity of the government, reveled that the government had been secretly funding Inkatha in its struggle againist the anc

Question 9

What were the concessions that the government made so that negotiations could go ahead after sebokeng murders

Answer 9

1- judicial commission to investigate the killings
2-troops were sent to natal to stop violence in province
3-temp indemnity was given to all given to all ANC exiles who had been invovled in talks

Question 10

What were to topic discussed at the groote schuur minute in may 1990

Answer 10

1-security legislation 
2-troops in townships 
3-state of emergency
4-the on going violence 
5- positions of the homelands
6-political prisoners 
7-armed struggle 
8-econimc sanctions 
9-return of exiles

Question 11

what was disagreement at the groote schuur meeting

Answer 11

who should be seen as political prisoner and who was a convicted criminals

Question 12

What was the agreement of at the Pretoria minute

Answer 12

aug 1990 anc- suspend armed struggle

np- lifted the state of emergency

Question 13

what was the fundamental difference of opinion between the ANC and the government

Answer 13

1- ANC wanted majority rule under a constitution democratically elected by a constituent assemble
2-government wanted some form of power sharing to protect white economic power scared that democratically elected constituent would not protect the rights of minorities

Question 14

What was CODESA

Answer 14

Convention of democratic south Africa
300 delegates met at world trade center at Kempton park
between 1991- may 1992

Question 15

what were the two stage processes of drawing a new constitution of CODESA

Answer 15

1- Multi part conference would draw up interim constitution

2- first elected parliament would use this as a basis for drafting the final constitution

Question 16

after most participants at CODESA signed the declaration of intent what were the elected working grouped continued discussions

Answer 16

1- Principle for new constitution
2- arrangements for interim government
3- the future of the homelands
4- timeline for introductions of the changes

Question 17

What was the role of the labor movements in the negotiations

Answer 17

COSATU joined anc an pac to form Tripartite alliance
1992- When CODESA negotiations collapsed COSATU was central in planning and sustaining the campaign of rolling mass action
suggested: proportional representation
president limited to two terms
COSATU felt that there had to be a plan in place to ensure that the government addressed
1-poverty
2-housing shortages
3-imprpve working conditions and wages = Reconstructions and development programme was drafted by the tripartite alliance

Question 18

What were the causes between Inkatha and the ANC

Answer 18

1-third force
2-inkahtha excluded from negotiations
3-pressence of migrant workers- presence resented as jobs were scares

Question 19

What led to the breakdowns of the codesa talks

Answer 19

The conflicts between the ANC and Inkatha

Question 20

What was the impact of the bisho massacre

Answer 20

after, the ANC and the government realized the it was crucial for talks to re open therefor behind the scenes negotiations between cyril ramaphosa and Roelf meyer the two side decided to resume talks and in sep in 1992 the signed the record of understanding

Question 21

what were the compromises made by both sides to resume talks

Answer 21

1- government agreered to release more political prisioners, erect fences around boarding hostels and to ban carrying an displaying of traditional weapons
2- the anc agreed to a government of nations unity which would include all parties that obtained over 5% of the votes in the democratic elections for the first first years of the constitution

Question 22

what was the impact of national unity

Answer 22

joe slovo national unity was a breakthrough the proposal broke the deadlock between the anc and the government

Question 23

What were the principles of the interim constitution

Answer 23

1- four hundred would be elected by a system of proportional representation for national assembly
2- nine new province would replace the old provinces and the homelands
3- there would be a national council of provinces with ten representatives from each provinces
4-all parties gaining 5% of the votes would be represented in a government of national unity for the first five years
5-bill of rights would guarantee fundamental freedoms

Question 24

What did IFP leader Buthelezi want with natal

Answer 24

he wanted an autonomous kwazulu natal under Inkatha control

Question 25

when were the south African elections hold

Answer 25

27-29 April 1994

Question 26

How did the GNU transform sa into a working democracy

Answer 26

1- new provinces
2-civil sercices and police force had to be restricted
3-new national defence force had to be created
5-tackle economic and social problems that sa was facing

Question 27

what were the problems that the GNU faced before finalizing the constitution (communication with communtite)

Answer 27

1- sa large population
2- illiterate
3- no access to electronic media
4- no traditional consultation between government and citizens

Question 28

How did the government attempt to implement national unity

Answer 28

massive media campign
encourage people to participate
public meetings
workshops

Question 29

How did the new constitution ensure they maintain a secure democracy

Answer 29

1- bill of rights, fundamental human rights
2- human rights commission
3- 3 branches of govern executive, judiciary and legislature