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AP Human Geo > Unit 5 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Unit 5 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Agricultural output is determined by bioclimatic zones:

A

Climate

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2
Q

Is the land arable or non-arable:

A

Space/Landforms

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3
Q

Are nutrients naturally occurring in the soil:

A

Soil/Nutrients

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4
Q
  1. High temps
  2. Abundant rainfall
  3. Humidity
  4. High amounts of vegetation
A

Characteristics of Tropical and Subtropical Environments

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5
Q
  1. Shifting Cultivation
  2. Plantation
A

Types of Agriculture in Tropical and Subtropical Environments

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6
Q
  1. High temps
  2. Little rainfall
  3. Mountainous
  4. Little vegetation
A

Characteristics of Drylands/Desert Environment

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7
Q
  1. Pastoral Nomadism
  2. Livestock Ranching
A

Types of Agriculture in Drylands/Deserts

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8
Q
  1. Seasonal changes
  2. Moderate temps
  3. Moderate rain
A

Characteristics of Temperate Environments

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9
Q
  1. Mixed crop/livestock
  2. Commercial gain framing
  3. Market gardening
  4. Dairy
  5. Mediterranean
A

Types of Agriculture in Temperate Environments

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10
Q

The physical environment can impact the ways in which human society develops, however humans can utilize technology in order to combat natural limitations:

A

Environmental Possibilism

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11
Q

What are two factors that impacts the type of agriculture grown around the world?

A

The Physical Environment and Economic Factors

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12
Q

The cost of land, labor, and machinery:

A

Economic Forces

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13
Q

Large amount of labor and/or capital:

A

Intensive

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14
Q

Fewer inputs of labor and/or capital:

A

Extensive

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15
Q

Small plots of land - land is scarce or expensive:

A

Intensive

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16
Q

Large plots of land - land is plentiful, costs little:

A

Extensive

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17
Q

Usually located near areas with high population density:

A

Intensive

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18
Q

Usually located away from major population centers:

A

Extensive

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19
Q

Climate: Tropical
Where: Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia
Type of Crops: Rice, corn, millet, and sorghum
Intensive or Extensive: Extensive
Commercial or Subsistence: Subsistence

A

Shifting Cultivation

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20
Q

Farmers move from one field to another; aka slash and burn agriculture. When the soil loses fertility, farmers move to a different plot of land and repeat:

A

Shifting Cultivation

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21
Q

Climate: Drylands/Desert
Where: North Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia, East Asia
Type of Crops: Cattle, Camels, Reindeer. Goats, Yaks, Sheep, Horses
Intensive or Extensive: Extensive
Commercial or Subsistence: Subsistence

A

Nomadic Herding/Pastoral Nomadism

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22
Q

Nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. Rely on animals for survival not profit:

A

Nomadic Herding/Pastoral Nomadism

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23
Q

Climate: Drylands/Desert
Where: Western North America, Southeast South America, Central Asia, Australia, South Africa
Type of Crops: Cattle, goats, sheep
Intensive or Extensive: Extensive
Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial

A

Livestock Ranching

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24
Q

Commercial grazing of livestock. Eventually they will be sent to feedlots and then be sent to slaughter:

A

Livestock Ranching

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25
Q

Climate: MId-Latitudes
Where: US, Canada, Europe, Russia, Central Asia, China, South Asia
Type of Crops: Wheat
Intensive or Extensive: Extensive
Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial

A

Commercial Grain Farming

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26
Q

Crops are grown primarily for human consumption. Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as cereals and bread:

A

Commercial Grain Farming

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27
Q

Climate: Warm Mid-Latitude
Where: Southeast US, California, Southeast Australia
Type of Crops: Fruits and vegetables
Intensive or Extensive: Intensive
Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial

A

Market Gardening/Commercial Gardening/Truck Farming

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28
Q

Food is sold to consumers, but most are sold to large processors for canning or freezing:

A

Market Gardening/Commercial Gardening/Truck Farming

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29
Q

Climate: Tropical
Where: Latin America, Sub-Saharan, South and Southeast Asia
Type of Crops: Commodity and specialty crops
Intensive or Extensive: Intensive
Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial

A

Plantation Agriculture

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30
Q

A plantation specializes in one crop that’s transported for sale on the global market:

A

Plantation Agriculture

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31
Q

Climate: Cold and Warm Mid-Latitude
Where: Midwest US, Canada, Europe
Type of Crops: Corn, grains, and soybeans
Intensive or Extensive: Intensive
Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial

A

Mixed Crop and Livestock

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32
Q

Most money comes from the sale of livestock rather than crop outputs:

A

Mixed Crop and Livestock

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33
Q

Climate: Mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers, coastal
Where: Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Pacific Coast, Chile, Southern African, and Southern Australia
Type of Crops: Grapes, olives, dates, figs
Intensive or Extensive: Intensive
Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial

A

Mediterranean Agriculture

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34
Q

Orchards are common, crops are produced for the global market:

A

Mediterranean Agriculture

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35
Q

Climate: Mid-Latitudes
Where: Northern US, Canada, Europe, Russia, China, India, Brazil
Type of Crops: Dairy
Intensive or Extensive: Intensive
Commercial or Subsistence: Commercial

A

Dairy Farming

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36
Q

These farmers usually sell their milk to wholesalers who later distribute it to retailers. Retailers then sell it to consumers in shops/home:

A

Dairy Farming

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37
Q

Why are survey methods used?

A

To define the boundaries of land ownership

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38
Q
  1. Utilization of landmarks and physical features to establish boundary lines
  2. Results in irregular shaped plots of land
A

Metes and Bounds (Great Britain) Survey Method

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39
Q

Long strips of land that start at a river or lake with the intention of providing all landowners with equal access to the resources and transportation:

A

Long Lot (Spain and France) Survey Method

40
Q
  1. Rectangles and grid systems
  2. Each township is 6 x 6 miles
  3. Keep track of land sales and purchases, and utilizes a uniform survey method
A

Township and Range (Thomas Jefferson) Survey Method

41
Q

Rural residents lived in groups of homes in close proximity to one another:

A

Clustered Settlement Pattern (Metes and Bounds Survey Method)

42
Q

Major characteristic is that settlements are isolated and dispersed over the land area:

A

Dispersed Settlement Pattern (Township and Range Survey Method)

43
Q

Settlement is organized along a line- typically associated with transportation system or physical features like a river or canal:

A

Linear Settlement Pattern (Long Lot Survey Method)

44
Q

The geographic origin of a trait, characteristic, innovation, or other concept:

A

Hearth

45
Q

The deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals making plants and animals adapt to human demands:

A

Domestication

46
Q

The separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals:

A

Agricultural Hearths

47
Q

Date: 10,000 years ago
Crops: Barley, wheat, lentils, olives, oats, rye
Animals: Sheep, goats, cattle, pigs

A

The Fertile Crescent Region

48
Q

Date: 10,000 years ago
Crops: Sugarcane, taro, coconut, mango, bananas, grapefruit, rice, tea
Animals: none

A

Southeast Asia

49
Q

Date: 9500 years ago
Crops: Rice, soybeans, walnuts
Animals: none

A

East Asia

50
Q

Date: 7000 years ago
Crops: Coffee, cowpeas, millet, African rice, sorghum, yams
Animals: none

A

Sub-Saharan Africa

51
Q

Date: 55000 years ago
Crops: Sweet potatoes, beans, maize, Chiles, peppers, cotton, cassava, lima beans, tomatoes
Animals: Llamas and alpacas

A

Mesoamerica

52
Q

Occurs when a trait has many cultural hearths; the idea that the trait developed separately without being influenced by other cultural groups:

A

Independent Inventions

53
Q

Historic Causes of Diffusion (4):

A
  1. Contagious Diffusion
  2. Immigration and Migration
  3. Trade Routes
  4. The Columbian Exchange
54
Q

Modern Causes for Diffusion (2):

A
  1. Green Revolution
  2. Demand for Meat
55
Q
  1. 12,000-10,000 years ago
  2. Origin of farming
  3. Subsistence farming
  4. Methods: Simple tools and manual labor
A

The First Agricultural Revolution - Neolithic Era

56
Q
  1. 1750, Great Britain
  2. Industrial Revolution
  3. New Technology
A

The Second Agricultural Revolution

57
Q

Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use, which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers:

A

Enclosure Movement

58
Q

Farmers began rotating the crops planted each year to sustain the fertility of the soil:

A

Crop Rotation

59
Q
  1. Massive population growth occurring in the 20th century
  2. Norman Borlaug - Researcher that traveled to Mexico to improve agricultural and biotechnological techniques in order to feed the growing population of the world
A

Causes of the Green Revolution

60
Q
  1. Development of higher yielding seeds, disease, resistant faster, growing varieties of grains
  2. Double cropping
  3. Increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation techniques, and machinery in developing countries
  4. Mechanized farming
A

characteristics of the green revolution

61
Q

higher yields on the same amount of cultivated land

A

Positive results of the green revolution

62
Q
  1. environmental consequences.
  2. Gender consequences.
  3. Poor success in Africa.
A

Negative results of the green revolution

63
Q

Crops and livestock are grown to feed the farmer, family and community. May sell small surplus at local markets.

A

Subsistence farming

64
Q

crops and livestock are grown to be sold on the global market. purpose is to make a profit not to sustain the farmers family

A

Commercial farming

65
Q

The large scale system that includes that production, processing, distribution, financial funding, and research of agricultural products and equipment

A

Agribusiness

66
Q

complex network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers

A

Commodity chains

67
Q
  1. Farm gate
  2. transport loading storage and inventory
  3. grading, processing, cleaning, slaughter, packaging
  4. Manufacturing, processing, transformation, wholesale.
  5. Transport, storage, distribution, wholesale
  6. Retailers/exporters.
A

The commodity chain steps

68
Q
  1. The value of land is influenced by its relationship to the market
  2. The least desirable and accessible land, is located the furthest from the market and cost the least money
A

Bid-rent theory

69
Q

all land is flat, and the physical environment is the same

A

Isotropic plane

70
Q
  1. transportation costs are proportional to the distance from the market.
  2. The perishability of the product and transportation cost to the market factor into a farmers decisions regarding agricultural practices.
A

Von Thunen’s theory of rural land use

71
Q
  1. market/urban Center
  2. Dairy and market
  3. Forests
  4. Grain and cereal crops
  5. Livestock ranching
A

Thunen’s theory of rural land use model

72
Q
  1. multiple market centers across the world today = global supply chain
  2. Food preservation techniques, such as tin cans
  3. Improved transportation infrastructure
A

limitations of Thunen’s model

73
Q
  1. Government policies about land, use, or to encourage growth of a particular crop
  2. Wood is no longer used as a major source of heating cooking or building material
  3. Physical features impact the shape of the model
  4. Regions of particular climates, and soil types are missing from the model
A

Limitations of Thunen’s model

74
Q

encompasses all elements of growing, harvesting, processing, transporting, marketing, consuming, and disposing of food for people

A

Agribusinesses organized at the global scale

75
Q

reduces diversity and diets by establishing a disproportionate global reliance on green revolution cereal grains and cash crops

A

The global supply chain

76
Q

Often, an entire national economy is dependent on:

A

Export commodities

77
Q

A cash crop that is produced for export to wealthier countries at the expense of crop production for local consumption:

A

export commodities

78
Q
  1. grown on agribusiness owned plantations
  2. Subsistence farming is pushed further on less productive land, putting poor farmers at risk of food deprivation
A

negative impacts from export commodities

79
Q

guaranteed prices for staple food crops that keep prices of agricultural exports artificially low:

A

subsidies

80
Q

Humans modify the physical environment to suit their needs, and this shapes the _______ ________:

A

Cultural Landscape

81
Q

The process by which salts build up in the soil when water evaporates from the ground more rapidly than it is replenished:

A

Soil Salinization

82
Q

An innovation that is used to improve the quality of health of plants and animals:

A

Biotechnology

83
Q

Plants or animals that scientists have modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species:

A

GMOs

84
Q
  1. Can be more nutritious
  2. Resistant to weather and pest damage
  3. Less susceptible to spoilage
  4. Reduces chemical usage to control disease, weeds, and pests
A

Pros of GMOs

85
Q
  1. Too expensive for farmers to use
  2. New seeds must be purchased every year
  3. Resistant to pest and herbicides that might lead to the development of superpests/superweeds
A

Cons of GMO

86
Q

The practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water:

A

Aquaculture (Aquafarming)

87
Q
  1. High fish density in enclosures mean diseases and parasites thrive and spread easily
  2. Chemicals and antibiotics used to counter parasites and diseases can damage the ecosystem around the enclosures
  3. Fish can escape and compete with native stock
  4. Excess fish and fish waste can produce dangerously high levels of organic matter in local bodies of water
A

Cons of Aquaculture

88
Q

Much of the environmental impact of farming comes from the use of:

A

Chemicals

89
Q

Changes in agriculture often reduces:

A

Biodiversity

90
Q

3 cons of organic foods:

A
  1. Needs more land for same amount of food
  2. Creates more greenhouse gases
  3. Can use harmful chemicals
91
Q

Use of community gardens, vertical farms, or hydroponics:

A

Urban Farming

92
Q

What percent of the US suffers from food insecurity?

A

14 percent

93
Q

Existing farmland is threatened by the expansion of cities and suburbs:

A

Challenges of feeding a global population (Lost to Suburbanization)

94
Q

Women make up about ___% of the world’s agricultural labor force:

A

40

95
Q

Women are denied ______:

A

Property Ownership

AP Human Geo (7 decks)

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