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AP Human Geo > Unit 2 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Unit 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Two-thirds of the world’s 8 billion people are found in the following four regions:

A

Europe
South Asia
Southeast Asia
East Asia

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2
Q

The habitable areas of the world:

A

Ecumene

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3
Q

Total population/land area (square miles):

A

Arithmetic

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4
Q
  1. Does not account for the uneven distribution of population within each country
  2. No clustering/dispersal info
A

Arithmetic Advantages/Disadvantages

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5
Q

Total population/arable land:

A

Physiological

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6
Q

The max. population size that can be supported with the available resources without damaging the environment:

A

Physiological Advantages/Disadvantages

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7
Q

The max. population size that can be supported with the available resources without damaging the environment (Definition):

A

Carrying Capacity

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8
Q

Farmers/Arable Land:

A

Agricultural

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9
Q
  1. Compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land
  2. Better indicators of a country’s level of economic development rather than population distribution
A

Agricultural Advantages/Disadvantages

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10
Q

High population density impacts access to housing, jobs, water, and services like sanitation, medical care, fire, police, public transportation and waste collection:

A

Social Services and Infrastructure

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11
Q

What percent of the population are children? The elderly? Male? Female?

A

Population Structure

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12
Q

Show the population Structure/composition of a location:

A

Population Pyramid

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13
Q

Population pyramids are used to assess population ______ and ______ and to predict ______ for goods and services:

A

Growth, decline, markets

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14
Q

The number of people in a dependent age group divided by the number of people in the working age group multiplied by 100:

A

Dependency Ratio

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15
Q

Number of people not working:

A

A High Dependency Ratio

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16
Q
  1. The elderly pay less income taxes
  2. Supported by a gov. sponsored retirement funds
  3. As life expectancy increases, so do healthcare costs
  4. Provide opportunities for employment in the eldercare industry
  5. Volunteer Work
A

Economic Impacts of an Elderly Dependency Ratio

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17
Q
  1. Traditional families
  2. Living facilities for the elderly
  3. Provide social support to families
A

Social Impacts of an Elderly Dependency Ratio

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18
Q
  1. Typically the most politically active group in many places
  2. Different perspectives on political issues
A

Political Impacts of an Elderly Dependency Ratio

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19
Q

The proportion of males to females in a population:

A

Sex Ratio

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20
Q

Factors that Determine a Population’s Growth and Decline:

A
  1. Fertility (Crude Birth Rate and Total Fertility Rate)
  2. Mortality (Life Expectancy, Crude Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate)
  3. Migration
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21
Q

The number of births occurring in one year er 1,000 people:

A

Crude Birth Rate

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22
Q

Average # of children who would be born per woman during her childbearing years:

A

Total Fertility Rate

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23
Q

The number of deaths occurring in one year per 1,000 people:

A

Crude Death Rate

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24
Q

The # of children who die before on year of age:

A

Infant Mortality Rate

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25
Q

Natural Increase Rate:
1. Does not account for _______
2. Can be a _____ number, indicating population _____
3. Usually expressed in a ______

A

Migration, negative, percentage

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26
Q

Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate/0 =

A

Equation for NIR

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27
Q

Population Growth Rate:
1. More _____ measure because it accounts for ______
2. Immigrants
3. Emigrants

A

Accurate, migration

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28
Q

(Births-Deaths) + (Immigrants - Emigrants) =

A

Equation for Population Growth Rate

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29
Q

The number of years in which a population will double assuming the growth rate remains stable:

A

Doubling Time

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30
Q

70/NIR =

A

Equation for Doubling Time

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31
Q

The study of population statistics:

A

Demography

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32
Q

Used by geographers to analyze and predict trends in population growth and decline, including patterns of birth deaths and natural Increase rates:

A

The Demographic Transition Model

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33
Q

Predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop which corresponds with the stages of the DTM:

A

The Epidemiological Transition Model

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34
Q

CBR: High
Reasons for CBR: Kids are not likely to survive long-term (need for child labor in agricultural societies)
CDR: High
Reasons for CDR: Short life expectancy, famine, poor diet, bad housing, disease, war
NIR: Low Growth
Pop Composition: Youth Dependency

A

Stage One of DTM

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35
Q

CBR: High
Reasons for CBR: Kids are not likely to survive long-term
CDR: Falls Rapidly
Reasons for CDR: Better nutrition, medicine, and sanitation
NIR: Rapid Growth
Pop Composition: Youth Dependency

A

Stage Two of DTM

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36
Q

CBR: Falling
Reasons for CBR: Urbanization reduces the need for child labor and increase in healthcare
CDR: Falls More Slowly
Reasons for CDR: Life expectancy increases due to progression from previous stages
NIR: Growth Slows
Pop Composition: People are surviving longer

A

Stage Three of DTM

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37
Q

CBR: Low Growth
Reasons for CBR: Urbanization reduces the need for child labor and increase in healthcare
CDR: Low
Reasons for CDR: Life expectancy continues to increase
NIR: Falls and then stabilizes
Pop Composition: Shifting to Elderly Dependency

A

Stage Four of DTM

38
Q

CBR: Very Low
Reasons for CBR: Replacement level, 0 population growth
CDR: Low
Reasons for CDR: Most medically advanced
NIR: Negative/Very Low
Pop Composition: High elderly dependency ratio

A

Stage Five of DTM

39
Q
  1. Infectious diseases
  2. Pandemics and epidemics
  3. Animal attacks and accidents
  4. Malnutrition
A

Stage One of the ETM

40
Q

Pandemics and infectious diseases decline to new medical advances, sanitation, and improved nutrition:

A

Stage Two of the ETM

41
Q

Diseases associated with aging and lifestyle choices:

A

Stage Three of the ETM

42
Q

Diseases associated with aging and lifestyle choices can be delayed with medical advancements:

A

Stage Four of the ETM

43
Q

Bacteria and parasites become resistant to antibiotics and vaccines. Reemergence of infectious diseases:

A

Stage Five of the ETM

44
Q
  1. Lives in England in the 1700s
  2. Experienced the Industrial Revolution
  3. 1798 published ‘An Essay on the Principles of Population Growth’
A

Thomas Malthus

45
Q

Population grows _____ while food output only grows ______. This would result in a _____ ______ and famine due to overpopulation:

A

Exponentially, arithmetically, food shortage

46
Q

Factors that have slowed population growth:

A
  1. Contraceptives
  2. Education and advancement of women
47
Q
  1. Mechanized Farming
  2. Hybrid Seeds
  3. Chemical Fertilizer
A

Factors that have Increased the Efficiency of Farming

48
Q

More _____ _____ to deliver food to a _____ _____ of consumer without _______:

A

Efficient travel, wider range, spoiling

49
Q

_______ in trucks and railcars as well as ______ to preserve food:

A

Refrigeration, home

50
Q

_______ ______ to preserve food for longer time periods:

A

Tin cans

51
Q

Food supply is impacted directly by ________ ________. As population ________, humans will develop new ________ to also increase production of ____ ________:

A

Population growth, increases, technologies, food supply

52
Q

Neo =

A

New

53
Q

Concerns about ________ use of the ______ - the Earth’s resources cannot only sustain a _______ ________:

A

Sustainable, environment, limited population

54
Q

Decreasing ______ _____ in developed countries:

A

Birth Rates

55
Q

Strain on natural resources:
1. _______ insecurity, ____________, __________ of air and water, etc
2. __________
3. __________ & ________

A
  1. Water, desertification, pollution
  2. Overconsumption
  3. Famine and Starvation
56
Q

Government programs designed to increase the fertility rate and accelerate population growth:

A

Pro-Natalist Population Policies

57
Q

Pro-Natalist Population Policies Methods: (2)

A

Propaganda and Financial Support

58
Q

Government programs designed to decrease the fertility rate and slow down population growth:

A

Anti-Natalist population Policies

59
Q

Anti-Natalist population Policies: (3)

A
  1. Propaganda
  2. Financial Disincentives and Incentives
  3. Family Planning and Contraception
60
Q

The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another:

A

Migration

61
Q

The movement into a location:

A

Immigration

62
Q

The movement away from a location:

A

Emmigration

63
Q

N:

A

Push Factors

64
Q

Positive conditions and circumstances of a location that encourages people to move to that place:

A

Pull Factors

65
Q

Barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel:

A

Intervening Obstacles

66
Q

An opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling:

A

Intervening Opportunity

67
Q
  1. Job loss
  2. Lack of employment opportunities
  3. Low wages
A

Economic Push Factors

68
Q
  1. Job opportunities
  2. Higher wages
  3. Season jobs
A

Economic Pull Factors

69
Q
  1. Discrimination, prejudice, persecution, and racism due to gender, ethnicity, and/or racism
  2. Gender roles
A

Social Push Factors

70
Q
  1. Freedom and lack/less of discrimination, prejudice, persecution, and racism
  2. Familial or kinship ties
A

Social Pull Factors

71
Q
  1. War
  2. Repressive Laws
  3. Discrimination
A

Political Push Factors

72
Q
  1. Peace
  2. Asylum
A

Political Pull Factors

73
Q
  1. Natural Disasters
  2. Drought
  3. Crop Failure
  4. Intense Climate
A

Natural Push Factors

74
Q

Desirable climate and landscape:

A

Natural Pull Factors

75
Q

Migration from one country to another country:

A

Transnational Voluntary Migration

76
Q

Immigrants to a new country retain strong ____, _____, and ______ _____ to their country of origin:

A

Cultural, emotional, financial ties

77
Q

Money sent back to migrants’ country of origin - major economic flow:

A

Remittances

78
Q

Migrants that travel within a country’s borders:

A

Internal Voluntary Migration

79
Q

Traditional migration of nomadic herd’s that move their livestock from high Elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter:

A

Transhumance Voluntary Migration

80
Q

Immigrants migrate to a location based off of the recommendation of or reunification with family members, friends, or community members that have previously migrated to that location:

A

Chain Voluntary Migration

81
Q

Migration typically occurs in steps migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller movements:

A

Step Voluntary Migration

82
Q

Someone who has been forced to flee their home but never crosses and international borders:

A

Internally Displaced Persons

83
Q

Immigrants are a source of _____ for less desirable and ___ ______ work:

A

Labor, low playing

84
Q

Loss of trained or education people to emigration:

A

Brain Drain

85
Q

Immigrants bring aspects of their home culture with them such a music, food, literature religion, language, art, etc:

A

Cultural Contributions

86
Q

Stage 4 & 5 are low growth, _____ growth, or population _____:

A

Zero, decline

87
Q

Most immigrants are working-age, which reduces the dependency ratios and provides tax support for the young and elderly:

A

Age Composition

88
Q

Laws to restrict immigration oftentimes due to xenophobia or the desire to limit cultural diversity:

A

Immigration Restrictions

89
Q

Laws that encourages immigration (2):

A
  1. Guest Worker Programs
  2. Family Reunification
90
Q

The first law that severely restricted immigration in the US:

A

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882-1943

AP Human Geo (7 decks)

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