Unit 5 Vocab Flashcards
the negative stress response, often involving negative affect and physiological reactivity: a type of stress that results from being overwhelmed by demands, losses, or perceived threats
distress
the response of the immune system to invasion of the body by foreign substances
immune response
the physiological consequences of severe stress. The syndrome has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome
a pattern of physiological changes elicited by activity of the sympathetic nervous system in response to threatening or otherwise stressful situations that leads to mobilization of energy for physical activity
fight-flight-freeze effect
first stage of general adaptation syndrome during which stress triggers a defensive or fight-flight response
alarm reaction phase
second stage of general adaptation syndrome during which a person is at a level of stress they can handle and manage
resistance phase
third stage of general adaptation syndrome during which a person can no longer handle stress and has to stop or their body will collapse
exhaustion phase
the physiological or psychological response to internal or external stressors
stress
any event, force, or condition that results in physical or emotional stress. Stressors may be internal or external forces that require adjustment or coping strategies on the part of the affected individual
stressors
a proposed physiological and behavioral stress regulatory system that is an alternative to the classic fight-or-flight response and that is stronger in females than in males
tend and befriend
a stress-management strategy in which a person focuses on regulating their negative emotional reactions to a stressor
emotion focused coping
a stress-management strategy in which a person directly confronts a stressor in an attempt to decrease or eliminate it
problem focused coping
traumatic experiences that happened to someone in childhood that continues to impact their health and well-being
adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
the subfield of psychology that focuses on (a) the examination of the relationships between behavioral, cognitive, psychophysiological, and social and environmental factors and the establishment, maintenance, and detriment of health; (b) the integration of psychological and biological research findings in the design of empirically based interventions for the prevention and treatment of illness; and (c) the evaluation of physical and psychological status before, during, and after medical and psychological treatment
health psychology
high blood pressure: a circulatory disorder characterized by persistent arterial blood pressure that exceeds a standard
hypertension
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
post traumatic growth
a field of psychological theory and research that focuses on the psychological states (e.g., contentment, joy), individual traits or character strengths (e.g., intimacy, integrity, altruism, wisdom), and social institutions that enhance subjective well-being and make life most worth living
positive psychology
one’s appraisal of one’s own level of happiness and life satisfaction
subjective well being
a positive trait, such as kindness, teamwork, or hope, that is morally valued in its own right and contributes to the fulfillment of the self and others
character strengths and virtues
an emotion of joy, gladness, satisfaction, and well-being
happiness
an emotional reaction designed to express a positive affect, such as happiness when one attains a goal, relief when a danger has been avoided, or contentment when one is satisfied with the present state of affairs
positive emotion
a sense of thankfulness and happiness in response to receiving a gift, either a tangible benefit given by someone or a fortunate happenstance
gratitude
the process and outcome of successfully adapting to difficult or challenging life experiences, especially through mental, emotional, and behavioral flexibility and adjustment to external and internal demands
resilience
the ability of an individual to make sound decisions, to find the right—or at least good—answers to difficult and important life questions, and to give advice about the complex problems of everyday life and interpersonal relationships. creativity, curiosity, judgment, love of learning, and perspective
wisdom
the ability to meet a difficult challenge despite the physical, psychological, or moral risks involved in doing so. bravery, honesty, perseverance, and zest
courage
compassion in one’s personal relations with specific others, shown by kindness, nurturance, charity, and love. kindness, love, and social intelligence
humanity
the impartial and fair settlement of conflict and differences, typically by legal process and the imposition of proportionate punishment. fairness, leadership, and teamwork
justice
any form of auspicious self-restraint, manifested as self-regulation in monitoring and managing one’s emotions, motivation, and behavior and as self-control in the attainment of adaptive goals. forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-regulation
temperance
a state of existence or perception that is not definable in terms of normal understanding or experience. The term may imply a state that goes beyond conventional conceptions of the natural world. appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, and spirituality
transcendence
the American Psychiatric Association’s system for classifying psychological disorders
Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
eclectic approach
the negative social attitude attached to a characteristic of an individual that may be regarded as a mental, physical, or social deficiency
stigma
the negative stress response, often involving negative affect and physiological reactivity: a type of stress that results from being overwhelmed by demands, losses, or perceived threats
distress
any impairment, disturbance, or deficiency in behavior or operation
disfunction
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
psychological disorder
the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role
diathesis stress model
the global standard for diagnostic classification of all health conditions as compiled by the World Health Organization for clinical, health management, and epidemiological purposes
International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)
explains that mental disorders are caused by maladaptive learned associations between and among responses to stimuli
behavioral perspective
explains that mental disorders are caused by unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood
psychodynamic perspective
explains that mental disorders are caused by a lack of social support and being unable to fulfill one’s potential
humanistic perspective
explains that mental disorders are caused by maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions
cognitive perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on behaviors and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival
evolutionary perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics
sociocultural perspective
explains that mental disorders are caused by physiological or genetic issues
biological perspective
assumes that any psychological problem potentially involves a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
biopsychosocial model
a self-report questionnaire that measures the effect on patients and their families of negative social attitudes toward the patients’ health or mental health condition or disorder
Stigma Impact Scale
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of
depression and the overexcited state of mania
bipolar disorders
a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.
schizophrenic spectrum disorder
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent dread or maladaptive behaviors that reduce that fear and worry
anxiety disorders
any of the mood disorders that typically have sadness or empty or irritable mood as the predominant symptom
obsessive compulsive and related disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
dissociative disorders
disorders develop after exposure to a traumatic or stressful event
trauma and stressor related disorders
any disorder characterized primarily by a pathological disturbance of attitudes and behaviors related to food
feeding and eating disorders
types of disorder that influence how the brain functions and alters neurological development, causing difficulties in social, cognitive, and emotional functioning. The most common NDs are autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
neurodevelopmental disorders
any one of a group of disorders with an onset typically occurring during the preschool years and characterized by varying but often marked and persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, including difficulties with social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication behaviors, and social relationships, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of interests, behaviors, and/or activities
autism spectrum disorder
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet and is significantly underweight
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person alternates between binge eating with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting
bulimia nervosa
are movements that can range from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation or can manifest as repeated movements without purpose
disordered motor behavior
incoherent speech. This may be speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another seemingly unrelated subject
disorganized speech
severely disorganized and virtually incomprehensible speech or writing, marked by severe loosening of associations strongly suggestive of schizophrenia. The person’s associations appear to have little or no logical connection
word salad
the false attribution to the self of great ability, knowledge, importance or worth, identity, prestige, power, accomplishment, or the like
delusions of grandeur
an often highly personal idea or belief system, not endorsed by one’s culture or subculture, that is maintained with conviction in spite of irrationality or evidence to the contrary
delusions
a state of significantly decreased reactivity to environmental stimuli and events and reduced spontaneous movement
catatonic stupor
a state of muscular rigidity or other disturbance of motor behavior, extreme overactivity, or adoption of bizarre postures
catatonia
the false conviction that others are threatening or conspiring against one
delusions of persecution
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
hallucinations
a deficit in the ability to perform the normal functions of living—for example, logical thinking, self-care, social interaction, and planning, initiating, and carrying out constructive actions—as shown in apathy, blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, and lack of spontaneity.
negative symptoms
the influential theory that schizophrenia is caused by an excess of dopamine in the brain, due either to an overproduction of dopamine or a deficiency of the enzyme needed to convert dopamine to norepinephrine (adrenaline)
dopamine hypothesis
a symptom of schizophrenia that represents an excess or distortion of normal function, as distinct from a deficiency in or lack of normal function
positive symptoms
a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for
wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. (formerly psychopath/sociopath
antisocial personality disorder
cluster of personality disorders with the characteristics of being dramatic, emotional, or erratic
cluster b
cluster of personality disorders with the characteristics of being odd or eccentric.
cluster a
cluster of personality disorders with the characteristics of being fearful or anxious
cluster c
a personality disorder manifested in a long-term pattern of passively allowing others to take responsibility for major areas of life and of subordinating personal needs to the needs of others, due to lack of self-confidence and self-dependence
dependent personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by (a) hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism, (b) a desire for uncritical acceptance, (c) social withdrawal in spite of a desire for affection and acceptance, and (d) low self-esteem. This pattern is long-standing and severe enough to cause objective distress and seriously impair the ability to work and maintain relationships
avoidant personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by a long-standing pattern of instability in mood, interpersonal relationships, and self-image that is severe enough to cause extreme distress or interfere with social and occupational functioning. Among the manifestations of this disorder are (a) self-damaging behavior (e.g., gambling, overeating, substance use); (b) intense but unstable relationships; (c) uncontrollable temper outbursts; (d) uncertainty about self-image, gender, goals, and loyalties; shifting moods; (f) self-defeating behavior, such as fights, suicidal gestures, or self-mutilation; and (g) chronic feelings of emptiness and boredom
borderline personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of long-term (rather than episodic) self-dramatization in which individuals draw attention to themselves, crave activity and excitement, overreact to minor events, experience angry outbursts, and are prone to manipulative suicide threats and gestures
histrionic personality disorder
a personality disorder with the following characteristics: (a) a long-standing pattern of grandiose self-importance and an exaggerated sense of talent and achievements; (b) fantasies of unlimited sex, power, brilliance, or beauty; (c) an exhibitionistic need for attention and admiration; (d) either cool indifference or feelings of rage, humiliation, or emptiness as a response to criticism, indifference, or defeat; and various interpersonal disturbances, such as feeling entitled to special favors, taking advantage of others, and inability to empathize with the feelings of others
narcissistic personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by various oddities of thought, perception, speech, and behavior that are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Symptoms may include perceptual distortions, magical thinking, social isolation, vague speech without incoherence, and inadequate rapport with others due to aloofness or lack of feeling
schizotypal personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by (a) pervasive, unwarranted suspiciousness and distrust of others (e.g., expectation of trickery or harm, overconcern with hidden motives and meanings); (b) hypersensitivity (e.g., being easily slighted or offended, readiness to counterattack); and (c) restricted affectivity (e.g., emotional coldness, no true sense of humor
paranoid personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by long-term emotional coldness, absence of tender feelings for others, lack of desire for and enjoyment of close relationships, and indifference to praise or criticism and to the feelings of others. The eccentricities of speech, behavior, or thought that are characteristic of schizotypal personality disorder are absent in those with schizoid personality disorder
schizoid personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of excessive perfectionism, orderliness, mental and interpersonal control, inability to compromise, and an exaggerated sense of moral responsibility
obsessive compulsive personality disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
generalized anxiety disorder
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide-open spaces, where one has felt loss of control and panic
agoraphobia
intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such
social anxiety disorder
a phobia, similar to social phobia and unique to Japan, that is characterized by an intense fear that one’s body parts, bodily functions, or facial expressions are embarrassing or offensive to others (e.g., in appearance, odor, or movement
taijin kyofusho
a sudden onset of intense apprehension and fearfulness in the absence of actual danger, accompanied by the presence of such physical symptoms as heart palpitations, difficulty breathing, chest pain or discomfort, choking or smothering sensations, sweating, and dizziness
panic attack
anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object,
activity, or situation
phobia
a culture-bound syndrome found among Latinos, characterized by shaking, uncontrollable shouting or crying, a sense of rising heat, loss of control, and verbal or physical aggression, followed by fainting or seizure-like episodes
antique de nervios
an excessive, irrational fear of heights, resulting in the avoidance of elevations or marked distress when unable to avoid high places
acrophobia
a persistent and irrational fear of spiders
arachnophobia
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
cognitive therapies
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight
psychodynamic therapy
a form of psychotherapy that applies the principles of learning, operant conditioning, and classical conditioning to eliminate symptoms and modify ineffective or maladaptive patterns of behavior
biomedical therapies
a group of treatments that use physiological methods to treat psychological disorders
biomedical therapy
a type of psychotherapy that focuses on the client, their potential, and their experience of the world.
humanistic therapy
the arrangement of a group of responses or response sequences in the order in which they are likely to be evoked by a specific stimulus (respondent behavior) or to occur in a particular stimulus situation (operant behavior)
response hierarchy
a system of contingency management based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior. The reinforcers are symbols that can be exchanged for other reinforcers
token economies
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
exposure therapies
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias.
systematic desensitization
the use of an external monitoring device (e.g., electrocardiograph) to provide an individual with information regarding their physiological state. it may be applied therapeutically to treat various conditions, including chronic pain and hypertension
biofeedback
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
aversion therapies
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
electrocompulsive therapy
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
psychosurgery
cutting into an organ, in this case usually the brain
lesioning
any drug that has significant effects on psychological processes, such as thinking, perception, and emotion. Psychoactive drugs include those deliberately taken to produce an altered state of consciousness (e.g., hallucinogens, opioids, inhalants, cannabis) and therapeutic agents designed to ameliorate a mental condition; these include antidepressants, mood stabilizers, sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics (which are CNS depressants), and antipsychotics. Often referred to as psychotropic drugs (or psychotropics) in clinical contexts
psychoactive drugs
an element of the alkali metal group whose salts are used in psychopharmacotherapy as mood stabilizers
lithium
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
antipsychotic medications
drugs used to treat depression; also, increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by
altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
antidepressants
clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and drugs used to control nervousness and agitation
evidence based practice
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
transcranial magnetic stimulation
a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
lobotomy
involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
tardive dyskinesia
the procedure, or the state induced by that procedure, in which suggestion is used to evoke changes in sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, or control over motor behavior. Subjects appear to be receptive, to varying degrees, to suggestions to act, feel, and behave differently than in an ordinary waking state
hypnosis
psychodynamic therapy technique that analyzes the meaning of symbols from dreams to help access the unconscious
dream interpretation
psychodynamic therapy technique in which the patient is instructed to “think out loud” or verbalize or write all thoughts that come to mind without censorship to help access the unconscious
free association
a technique used in cognitive therapy and cognitive behavior therapy to help the client identify their self-defeating beliefs or cognitive distortions, refute them, and then modify them so that they are adaptive and reasonable
cognitive restructuring
a flexible, stage-based therapy that combines principles of behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and mindfulness. It establishes a “dialectic” between helping individuals to accept the reality of their lives and their own behaviors on the one hand and helping them learn to change their lives, including dysfunctional behaviors, on the other. Its underlying emphasis is on helping individuals learn both to regulate and to tolerate their emotions
dialectical behavioral therapy
awareness of one’s internal states and surroundings. The concept has been applied to various therapeutic interventions—for example, mindfulness-based cognitive behavior therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and mindfulness meditation—to help people avoid destructive or automatic habits and responses by learning to observe their thoughts, emotions, and other present-moment experiences without judging or reacting to them
mindfuness
a set of three beliefs thought to characterize major depressive episodes. These are negative beliefs about the self, the world, and the future. Also called negative triad
cognitive triad
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
rational emotive behavioral therapy
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking)
with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
cognitive behavior therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
person centered therapy
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy
active listening
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
unconditional positive regard
principle of conduct for psychotherapists to do no harm
nonmaleficence
the quality of moral consistency, honesty, and truthfulness with oneself and others
integrity
a set of standards and principles of professional conduct, such as the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association
code of ethics
a quantitative technique for synthesizing the results of multiple studies of a phenomenon into a single result
meta analysis
criteria and strategies designed to assist health and mental health care providers in the recognition and treatment of specific disorders and diseases, as well as to outline ethical practice.
practice guidelines
the joint process of moving people with developmental or psychiatric disabilities from structured institutional facilities to their home communities and developing comprehensive community-based residential, day, vocational, clinical, and supportive services to address their needs
deinstitutionalization
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction
group therapy
a bond of trust and mutual understanding between therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem
therapeutic alliance
the integration of the best available scientific research from laboratory and field settings with clinical expertise so as to provide effective psychological services that are responsive to a patient’s culture, preferences, and characteristics
evidence based practice
