4A Flashcards
4.1 - 4.3
Social Psychology
how people thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others
Schemas
basic background knowledge that helps us understand new experiences
Person Perception
the process of forming impressions of others
Subjectivity
when behavior is ambiguous, people will default to stereotypes for explanation
Selective Perception
focus on certain stimuli while ignoring others, especially when contradicting with beliefs and expectations
Social Categorization
grouping people into categories
Attribute
a quality or feature regarded as an inherent part of something
Attribution Theory
we credit peoples behavior to either their personality or the situation
Dispositional Attribution
crediting behavior to traits, feelings, and feelings
Situational Attribution
crediting behavior to the environment
Fundamental Attribution Error
underestimating the impact of environment and overestimating the impact of personal disposition
Actor-Observer Bias
attributing your own behavior of environment but others actions to internal factors
Self-Serving Bias
attributing success to internal factors and failure to external factors
Social Comparison
evaluating by comparing oneself to others
Relative Deprivation
perception of being worse off than those they compare themselves too
Stereotype
a generalized belief about a group of people
Prejudice
an unjustifiable negative attitude towards a group of people
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behaviors towards a group of people
Implicit Prejudice
unconscious biases or attitudes
Explicit Prejudice
conscious and openly expressed negative beliefs or attitudes
Just-World Phenomenon
belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
In-Group
group a person belongs to
Out-Group
group a person does not belong to
Ethnocentrism
judging another culture based on the values of your own
Attitude
thoughts or feelings that predispose us to react to a situation a certain way
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
people that have first agreed to a small request are more likely to comply to a larger one
Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon
the tendency to comply to a smaller request after first rejecting a larger request
Elaboration Likelihood Model
people very in the extent they will scrutinize an argument or position
Central Route Persuasion
when interested people focus on the arguments
Peripheral Route Persuasion
when people are influenced by unintentional cues
Halo Effect
making a decision based on a single attribute
Belief Perseverance
holding a belief even after the bases has been discredited
Confirmation Bias
only seeking information that’s likely to align with ones beliefs
Cognitive Dissonance
tension when our attitudes and behaviors don’t align
Norms
certain guidelines and expectations for how a person should act in a situation
Normative Influence
influence resulting from the desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informative Influence
influence resulting from the willingness to accept others opinions about reality
Conformity
adjusting to fit within a group standard
Automatic Mimicry
behavior is contagious
Social Norms
cultural guide on how to respond to various situations
Obedience
yielding to real or imagined pressure from another
Individualism
what’s best for you
Collectivism
what’s best for everybody
Multiculturalism
perspective emphasizing the value of diversity and culture interaction
Diffusion of Responsibility
believing that because others were present, you are not at fault
Bystander Effect
being less likely to give aid when other bystanders are present
Deindividualization
loss of self restraint and self awareness when in a group
Social Loafing
the tendency to exert less effort when in a group than if alone
Social Facilitation
improved performance when in the presence of others
Social Impairment
reduced performance when in the presence of others
False Consensus Effect
people overestimate the degree to which their feelings are shared
Group Polarization
decisions and opinions are more extreme when in a group
Groupthink
reasoning when the desire for peace is stronger than realistic appraisal
Aggression
physical or verbal behavior meant to cause harm
Frustration-Aggression Principal
anger makes you more likely to be aggressive
Conflict
incompatibility of actions, goals, ideas, etc
Approach-Approach Conflict
choice between desirable options
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
choice between undesirable options
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
choice between options with both desirable and undesirable traits
Social Trap
a person or group actively work towards a small-term goal which will have long-term consequences
Mirror-Image Perceptions
mutual views held by conflicting people
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
belief in something causes it to become true
Superordinate Goal
scared goals that override differences among people and requires cooperation
Altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Social Exchange Theory
theory that behavior is an exchange process
Reciprocity Norm
expectation that people will help those that help them
Social Responsibility Norm
expectation that people will help those in need
