Unit 0 Vocab

Question 1

Sample

Answer 1

A smaller group selected to represent the larger group in a study

Question 2

Population

Answer 2

A group of humans or animals
-The group a researcher is studying

Question 3

Sampling Bias

Answer 3

Sampling in a way where the sample group has a higher or lower probability of having a trait

Question 4

Hypothesis

Answer 4

An explanation of a phenomenon that is used as the basis for testing

-testable prediction

Question 5

Falsifiable

Answer 5

The ability to be disproven with evidence

Question 6

Independent Variables

Answer 6

Unaffected Variable

unchanged by other variable or test

Question 7

Dependent Variables

Answer 7

Affected Variable

changed by other variable or a test

Question 8

Placebo

Answer 8

a treatment with no true effect, often used as a control

-any experienced effect is purely mental

Question 9

Control Group

Answer 9

A group that doesn’t participate in testing

Used as a baseline for non-test effected behavior

Question 10

Experimental Group

Answer 10

Group that participates in an experiment

Group being tested

Question 11

Variation

Answer 11

the qualitative differences in a population

Question 12

Standard Deviation

Answer 12

the measure of the spread of values / the average distance to the mean

Question 13

Percentile Rank

Answer 13

the percent of values that fall below a score

Question 14

Regression Towards the Mean

Answer 14

extreme scores moving towards the mean during retesting

Question 15

Effect Size

Answer 15

the measure of the magnitude or meaningfulness of a relationship between variables

Question 16

Scatterplot

Answer 16

graph showing the relationship between two variables

Question 17

Statistical Signnificance

Answer 17

the question whether differences in observed groups are true of because of chance

Question 18

Replication

Answer 18

repeating a study to test if the same results can be reached

Question 19

Peer Review

Answer 19

evaluating the quality and validity of a test with professional questioning and repetition

Question 20

Normal Curve

Answer 20

a bell curve showing the mean/median/mode as common with extreme variations on the ends

Question 21

Bimodal Distribution

Answer 21

frequency distribution with two high points (two common values)

Question 22

Skewness

Answer 22

the degree numbers are distributed around a central point

Question 22

Correlation Coeffeicient

Answer 22

a number between -1 and +1 which represents the strength and direction of the correlation between 2 variables

Question 23

Random Assignment

Answer 23

every participant having an equally chance being in the control or experiment group

Question 24

Experimental Research

Answer 24

researching by isolating a variable

Question 25

Self-Report Bias

Answer 25

a measurement error caused by the difference between participant self analysis and true values

Question 26

Survey Technique

Answer 26

asking a series of questions to learn about a phenomenon with participant answers

Question 27

Third Variable Problem

Answer 27

when two variables seem to be related because of a third unseen variable

Question 28

Directionality Problem

Answer 28

when two variables are related but its unknown whats the cause and what’s the effect

Question 29

Social Desirability Bias

Answer 29

the tendency for survey takers to report a more ‘socially favorable’ way compared to the truth

-over reporting good and under reporting bad

Question 30

Meta-Analysis

Answer 30

statistical analysis of multiple studies on the same topic

Question 31

Operational Definitions

Answer 31

defines how a concept is measured or manipulated

Question 32

Single-Blind

Answer 32

the patients of a study do not know what testing group they are in

Question 33

Double-Blind

Answer 33

neither a patient or a researcher knows what study group the participant is in

Question 34

Case Study

Answer 34

in depth investigation of an individual or group

Question 35

Convenience Sampling

Answer 35

units are sampled because of ease of access or accessibility for the researcher

Question 36

Representative Sample

Answer 36

the smaller subset of a group representing a larger group proportionally based on certain traits

Question 37

Confounding Variables

Answer 37

a variable that affects others in such a way to skew the perception of the other variables true relationship

Question 38

Hindsight Bias

Answer 38

claiming to have predicted something when the event was unpredictable – “I knew it all along”

Question 39

Overconfidence

Answer 39

the tendency to over estimate knowledge or skills in an area

Question 40

Confirmation Bias

Answer 40

the tendency to only notice information that agrees with your current beliefs

Question 41

Cultural Norms

Answer 41

behaviors and beliefs shared by members of a culture group

Question 42

Mode (average)

Answer 42

the most commonly appearing number in a set of values

Question 43

Median (average)

Answer 43

order all values then pick the middle of said ordered values

Question 44

Mean (average)

Answer 44

adding all values together and dividing by the amount of values

Question 45

Range (average)

Answer 45

the difference between the largest and smallest values in a value group

Question 46

Generalizability

Answer 46

the tendency to respond in the same manor to similar but not identical stimuli

Question 47

Correlation

Answer 47

the relationship between two variables

Question 48

Quantitative (data)

Answer 48

data that can be represented numerically

Question 49

Qualitative (data)

Answer 49

non-numerical data (experiences or concepts)