Unit 0 Vocab Flashcards
vocab
Sample
A smaller group selected to represent the larger group in a study
Population
A group of humans or animals
-The group a researcher is studying
Sampling Bias
Sampling in a way where the sample group has a higher or lower probability of having a trait
Hypothesis
An explanation of a phenomenon that is used as the basis for testing
-testable prediction
Falsifiable
The ability to be disproven with evidence
Independent Variables
Unaffected Variable
unchanged by other variable or test
Dependent Variables
Affected Variable
changed by other variable or a test
Placebo
a treatment with no true effect, often used as a control
-any experienced effect is purely mental
Control Group
A group that doesn’t participate in testing
Used as a baseline for non-test effected behavior
Experimental Group
Group that participates in an experiment
Group being tested
Variation
the qualitative differences in a population
Standard Deviation
the measure of the spread of values / the average distance to the mean
Percentile Rank
the percent of values that fall below a score
Regression Towards the Mean
extreme scores moving towards the mean during retesting
Effect Size
the measure of the magnitude or meaningfulness of a relationship between variables
Scatterplot
graph showing the relationship between two variables
Statistical Signnificance
the question whether differences in observed groups are true of because of chance
Replication
repeating a study to test if the same results can be reached
Peer Review
evaluating the quality and validity of a test with professional questioning and repetition
Normal Curve
a bell curve showing the mean/median/mode as common with extreme variations on the ends
Bimodal Distribution
frequency distribution with two high points (two common values)
Skewness
the degree numbers are distributed around a central point
Correlation Coeffeicient
a number between -1 and +1 which represents the strength and direction of the correlation between 2 variables
Random Assignment
every participant having an equally chance being in the control or experiment group
Experimental Research
researching by isolating a variable
Self-Report Bias
a measurement error caused by the difference between participant self analysis and true values
Survey Technique
asking a series of questions to learn about a phenomenon with participant answers
Third Variable Problem
when two variables seem to be related because of a third unseen variable
Directionality Problem
when two variables are related but its unknown whats the cause and what’s the effect
Social Desirability Bias
the tendency for survey takers to report a more ‘socially favorable’ way compared to the truth
-over reporting good and under reporting bad
Meta-Analysis
statistical analysis of multiple studies on the same topic
Operational Definitions
defines how a concept is measured or manipulated
Single-Blind
the patients of a study do not know what testing group they are in
Double-Blind
neither a patient or a researcher knows what study group the participant is in
Case Study
in depth investigation of an individual or group
Convenience Sampling
units are sampled because of ease of access or accessibility for the researcher
Representative Sample
the smaller subset of a group representing a larger group proportionally based on certain traits
Confounding Variables
a variable that affects others in such a way to skew the perception of the other variables true relationship
Hindsight Bias
claiming to have predicted something when the event was unpredictable – “I knew it all along”
Overconfidence
the tendency to over estimate knowledge or skills in an area
Confirmation Bias
the tendency to only notice information that agrees with your current beliefs
Cultural Norms
behaviors and beliefs shared by members of a culture group
Mode (average)
the most commonly appearing number in a set of values
Median (average)
order all values then pick the middle of said ordered values
Mean (average)
adding all values together and dividing by the amount of values
Range (average)
the difference between the largest and smallest values in a value group
Generalizability
the tendency to respond in the same manor to similar but not identical stimuli
Correlation
the relationship between two variables
Quantitative (data)
data that can be represented numerically
Qualitative (data)
non-numerical data (experiences or concepts)
