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AP Psychology > Unit 5 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 5 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Selective Attention

A

Process one stimuli while ignoring the other

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2
Q

Deep Processing

A

Processing for meaning

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2
Q

Divided Attention

A

Process both stimuli while giving some attention to both

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3
Q

Shallow Processing

A

Processing for appearance or sound of the word

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3
Q

Parallel Processing

A
  • Brain can work on both at the same
    time.
  • Brain processes information at
    different levels, some conscious,
    come not.
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4
Q

Dual Processing

A

An account of how thought can arise in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes.

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5
Q

Information Processing Model

A
  • Works to describe effortful
    processing.
  • Falls apart a bit with things we
    automatically process.
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6
Q

Encoding

A

Process of putting new information in

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7
Q

Storage

A

Organizing and storing the information

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8
Q

Retrieval

A

Accessing and pulling out the information

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9
Q

Sensory Memory

A

First stop for all sensory information
- Are very large, but information stays for only a short time

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10
Q

Iconic Memory

A

The visual register holds images, or icons, that represent all aspects of a visual image.
Fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli

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11
Q

Echoic Memory

A

The auditory register holds echoes of sound. Lasts longer allowing us to understand.

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12
Q

Short-term Memory

A

Holds information we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment.
- Part that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual & linguistic processing.
- 1.5 to 2 secs
- Larger amounts can be held by “chunking”

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13
Q

Working Memory

A

The memory we use in the active and temporary encoding of information.

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14
Q

Rote Rehearsal

A

Method is used to expand the length of time information can be held in the STM
- Includes repeating information over and over

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15
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Everything that is learned, is stored in long-term memory
- Vast amounts of information may be stored
- No known limit to capacity

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16
Q

Explicit Memories

A

Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having; can be intentionally recalled.

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17
Q

Episodic Memories

A

Memories for personal events in a specific time & place.

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18
Q

Semantic Memories

A

Memory for general facts & concepts not linked to a specific time.

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19
Q

Implicit Memories

A

Memory that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having; cannot be intentionally retrieved.

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20
Q

Prospective Memory

A

A form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time.

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21
Q

Procedural Memories

A

Motor skills and habits.

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22
Q

Emotional Memories

A

Learned emotional responses to various stimuli.

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23
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in long-term implicit memory. - The implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus.
24
Chunking
Process of taking individual pieces of information & grouping them into larger units; allows for more memorable information.
25
Maintenance Rehearsal
Process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information to increase STM time.
26
Elaborative Rehearsal
A memory and learning technique which involves the formation of associations and connections between new information and knowledge that has already been learned.
27
Recognition
Retrieval of information which is aided by cues.
28
Recall
Retrieval of information without any cues.
29
State-Dependent Memories
What we learn in one physiological state, drunk or sober, may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state.
30
Mood-Dependent Memories
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad emotional state (mood).
31
Tip-of-the-Tongue
A state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning.
32
Serial Position Effect
People tend to recall the first-items & last items in a list.
33
Primacy Effect
Recalling first items. - Reflects long-term memory
34
Recency Effect
Recalling most recent items. - Reflects short-term memory
35
Interference
When you look at the words, you see both its color & meaning. - You are not always in complete control of what you pay attention to
36
Retroactive Interference
OLD (retro information) is being tested. - Occurs when you are being tested on OLD information & new information interferes with proper retrieval.
37
Proactive Interference
Occurs when you are being tested on NEW information & old information interferes with proper retrieval.
38
Source Amnesia
When we attribute a memory to the wrong source.
38
Misinformation Effect
When our memory for past events is altered after exposure to misleading information.
39
Flashbulb Memories
Vivid, long-lasting memory about a shocking event that happened in the past.
40
Eidetic Memory
"Photographic Memory" - Due to well developed memory techniques.
41
Explicit Memory System
Brains "save" button - Holds onto memories & then permanently stores them
42
Implicit Memory System
Information that is not stores intentionally or purposely.
43
Long Term Potentiation
A persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.
44
Retrograde Amnesia
When you can't recall old or RETRO memories.
45
Stress Hormones
Heightened emotions make for stronger memories.
45
Anterograde Amnesia
When you can't form new memories.
46
Forgetting Curve
Gradual delay of new information learned.
47
Biological Forgetting Factors
- Damage to the Hippocampus - Neurotransmitters play a role - Decay Theory
48
Problem-solving
To come up with new solutions.
49
Overconfidence Bias
A tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs & judgements.
49
Decision-making
Problem solving where we already know the possible options
50
Belief Bias
A tendency of one's pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning by making invalid conclusions.
50
Belief Perserverance
Tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.
51
Hindsight bias
A tendency to think that one would have known actual events were coming before they happened.
52
Representativeness Heuristics
Making a decision based upon how much something represents, or matches up, with characteristics from your schema, or the typical case.
53
Availability Heuristic
-Operates when we make decisions on how available information is. -The faster people can remember an instance of some event, the more they expect it to occur.
54
Exaggerated Fear
The opposite of having overconfidence is having an exaggerated fear about what may happen.
55
Anchoring Effect
A cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered.
56
Cognition
Process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, problem-solving, and communicating.
56
Divergent Thinking
Proposing many possible solutions in an attempt to suggest one that may work.
57
Convergent Thinking
Bringing together different ideas from different participants or fields to determine a single best solution to a problem.
58
Insight
When a solution to a problem presents itself quickly & without warning; sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trail & error.
59
Assimilation
Incorporates new experiences into existing mental structures & behaviors.
60
Accomodation
Occurs when a child's theories are modified based on experience.
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AP Psychology (33 decks)

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