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AP Psychology > Unit 5 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 5 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Selective Attention

A

Process one stimuli while ignoring the other

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2
Q

Deep Processing

A

Processing for meaning

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2
Q

Divided Attention

A

Process both stimuli while giving some attention to both

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3
Q

Shallow Processing

A

Processing for appearance or sound of the word

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3
Q

Parallel Processing

A
  • Brain can work on both at the same
    time.
  • Brain processes information at
    different levels, some conscious,
    come not.
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4
Q

Dual Processing

A

An account of how thought can arise in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes.

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5
Q

Information Processing Model

A
  • Works to describe effortful
    processing.
  • Falls apart a bit with things we
    automatically process.
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6
Q

Encoding

A

Process of putting new information in

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7
Q

Storage

A

Organizing and storing the information

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8
Q

Retrieval

A

Accessing and pulling out the information

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9
Q

Sensory Memory

A

First stop for all sensory information
- Are very large, but information stays for only a short time

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10
Q

Iconic Memory

A

The visual register holds images, or icons, that represent all aspects of a visual image.
Fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli

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11
Q

Echoic Memory

A

The auditory register holds echoes of sound. Lasts longer allowing us to understand.

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12
Q

Short-term Memory

A

Holds information we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment.
- Part that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual & linguistic processing.
- 1.5 to 2 secs
- Larger amounts can be held by “chunking”

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13
Q

Working Memory

A

The memory we use in the active and temporary encoding of information.

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14
Q

Rote Rehearsal

A

Method is used to expand the length of time information can be held in the STM
- Includes repeating information over and over

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15
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Everything that is learned, is stored in long-term memory
- Vast amounts of information may be stored
- No known limit to capacity

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16
Q

Explicit Memories

A

Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having; can be intentionally recalled.

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17
Q

Episodic Memories

A

Memories for personal events in a specific time & place.

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18
Q

Semantic Memories

A

Memory for general facts & concepts not linked to a specific time.

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19
Q

Implicit Memories

A

Memory that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having; cannot be intentionally retrieved.

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20
Q

Prospective Memory

A

A form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time.

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21
Q

Procedural Memories

A

Motor skills and habits.

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22
Q

Emotional Memories

A

Learned emotional responses to various stimuli.

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23
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in long-term implicit memory.
- The implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus.

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24
Q

Chunking

A

Process of taking individual pieces of information & grouping them into larger units; allows for more memorable information.

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25
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information to increase STM time.

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26
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

A memory and learning technique which involves the formation of associations and connections between new information and knowledge that has already been learned.

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27
Q

Recognition

A

Retrieval of information which is aided by cues.

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28
Q

Recall

A

Retrieval of information without any cues.

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29
Q

State-Dependent Memories

A

What we learn in one physiological state, drunk or sober, may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state.

30
Q

Mood-Dependent Memories

A

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad emotional state (mood).

31
Q

Tip-of-the-Tongue

A

A state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning.

32
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

People tend to recall the first-items & last items in a list.

33
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Recalling first items.
- Reflects long-term memory

34
Q

Recency Effect

A

Recalling most recent items.
- Reflects short-term memory

35
Q

Interference

A

When you look at the words, you see both its color & meaning.
- You are not always in complete control of what you pay attention to

36
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

OLD (retro information) is being tested.
- Occurs when you are being tested on OLD information & new information interferes with proper retrieval.

37
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Occurs when you are being tested on NEW information & old information interferes with proper retrieval.

38
Q

Source Amnesia

A

When we attribute a memory to the wrong source.

38
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

When our memory for past events is altered after exposure to misleading information.

39
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Vivid, long-lasting memory about a shocking event that happened in the past.

40
Q

Eidetic Memory

A

“Photographic Memory”
- Due to well developed memory techniques.

41
Q

Explicit Memory System

A

Brains “save” button
- Holds onto memories & then permanently stores them

42
Q

Implicit Memory System

A

Information that is not stores intentionally or purposely.

43
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

A persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.

44
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

When you can’t recall old or RETRO memories.

45
Q

Stress Hormones

A

Heightened emotions make for stronger memories.

45
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

When you can’t form new memories.

46
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

Gradual delay of new information learned.

47
Q

Biological Forgetting Factors

A
  • Damage to the Hippocampus
  • Neurotransmitters play a role
  • Decay Theory
48
Q

Problem-solving

A

To come up with new solutions.

49
Q

Overconfidence Bias

A

A tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs & judgements.

49
Q

Decision-making

A

Problem solving where we already know the possible options

50
Q

Belief Bias

A

A tendency of one’s pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning by making invalid conclusions.

50
Q

Belief Perserverance

A

Tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.

51
Q

Hindsight bias

A

A tendency to think that one would have known actual events were coming before they happened.

52
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A

Making a decision based upon how much something represents, or matches up, with characteristics from your schema, or the typical case.

53
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

-Operates when we make decisions on how available information is.
-The faster people can remember an instance of some event, the more they expect it to occur.

54
Q

Exaggerated Fear

A

The opposite of having overconfidence is having an exaggerated fear about what may happen.

55
Q

Anchoring Effect

A

A cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered.

56
Q

Cognition

A

Process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, problem-solving, and communicating.

56
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Proposing many possible solutions in an attempt to suggest one that may work.

57
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Bringing together different ideas from different participants or fields to determine a single best solution to a problem.

58
Q

Insight

A

When a solution to a problem presents itself quickly & without warning; sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trail & error.

59
Q

Assimilation

A

Incorporates new experiences into existing mental structures & behaviors.

60
Q

Accomodation

A

Occurs when a child’s theories are modified based on experience.

61
Q
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61
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62
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63
Q
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64
Q
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65
Q
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66
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67
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68
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69
Q
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AP Psychology (33 decks)

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