unit 5 thinking

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

mental activities assoicated with thinking knowing, remebering and communicating

Question 2

concepts

Answer 2

mental groupings of similar things, speed and guides our thinking

Question 3

prototype

Answer 3

a mental image or the best exampe that we assoicate with a category
- when we put something in a category our memory shift towards the prototype for thaat category

Question 4

creativity

Answer 4

the ability to make new/ novel ideas out of things

Question 5

convergent

Answer 5

only one answer

Question 6

divergent

Answer 6

finding multiple uses. creativity

Question 7

Creativity 5 compenents = made by stenburg

Answer 7

1. Expertise
2. Imagintive
3. Aventrusome
4. Intrinsice motivation
5. a creative enviroment

Question 8

solving problems

Question 9

executive functions

Answer 9

to mental processes that help you set and carry out goals. You use these skills to solve problems, make plans and manage emotions
- happens in cerebral cortex

Question 10

Strategies for problem solving

Answer 10

1. Trial and error
   2.Algorithims ( step-bystep)
2. Heursitc ( educated guess)
   4.Insight ( sudden realization) 0 right temperol lobe ( auditory area)

Question 11

Obstacles in problem Solving

Answer 11

1. Confirmation bias ( we look for evidence proving our point and ignore the ones that goes against)
2. Fixation ( hard to see from other prespective )
3. Mental set- approaching a problem by solving it how we did in the past
4. Functional fixedness- only one way to use soemthing

Question 12

Making decesions

Answer 12

1. Intuition
2. Representativness heuristic- estimate the likelooh of something by how much it matchs our prototype ( person who loves to read is an english teacher)
3. Availability heursitic- how much the memory is available is in our head makes is how we figure ut its likelhoodness ( remebering airplane crashes so now you refuse to go on airplane even thought is less likely than car)
4. Gamblers falacy- an event that hasnt happened in a while will happen soon ( flipping a bunch of heads so tail will come next)

Question 13

Overconfidence

Answer 13

overestimating the accuracy of our knowledge and judgement

Question 14

overconfidence contributs to sunk-cost fallacy

Answer 14

we stick to or original plan cause switching to another one would cause problems even thought the first one is not the best option

Question 15

the belief perserverance phenomenem

Answer 15

cling to our beliefs even with evidence

Question 16

language

Answer 16

shared and mutually agreed upon symbols that can be combined to grenrate ideas and follows grammer rules

Question 17

language structure

Answer 17

1. phonemes- sounds chat
2. morphenes- amount with meaning -look at prefix and suffix

Question 18

grammer

Answer 18

semantics - set of rules we use to derive menaing of the morphenes ex like context bat in bat cave or bat in baseball
syntax- order of sentences ex subject verb object

Question 19

language acquisition - how we learn language

Answer 19

noam chamsky - natures gift, unlearned human trait, seperate from other parts of human congnition
- universal grammer- presdiposed built in grammer rules, why we pick up lnaguage fast

Question 20

Language development

Answer 20

nonverba gestures- to formal language through stages
1. 4 months - receptive, babbling
2. 10 months- household language
3. 1 year- one word stage, learns sound carrys meaning
4.18 months- language explodes, words every day.
5. 2 years - two word stage , telegraphic speal, overgneralize grammer rules ex tooths

Question 21

Language influences thinking

Answer 21

• intertwine
• Benjamin lee whorf- extreme idea that language determines the way we think ( Linguistic determination
• linguistic infleunce- language infleunces thought , more weaker
  in conclusion- thinking affects our langiage which then affects our thought

Question 22

Thinking in images

Answer 22

implicit memory ( nondecleraative, procedural memory) - a mental pcture of how you do something