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Anatomy > Unit 5 - Swallowing > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the muscles of the pharyngeal cavity?

A
  • Superior, middle, and inferior constrictors

- cripharyngeus (upper esophageal sphincter)

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2
Q

Where does the superior pharyngeal constrictor originate?

A

buccinator, wraps around laterally to make up the pharynx (which is basically a tube)

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3
Q

Where does the middle pharyngeal constrictor originate?

A

hyoid bone

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4
Q

Where does the inferior pharyngeal constrictor originate?

A

thyroid cartilage

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5
Q

What are the neural innervations for the pharynx muscles?

A

CN X Vagus

CN XI Spinal Accessory

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6
Q

What are the accessory muscles of the pharynx?

A
  • Palatopharyngeus
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Stylopharyngeus
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7
Q

What is the purpose of the accessory muscles of the pharynx?

A

help with movement of pharynx as well as the closing of the velum

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8
Q

What are the four stages of a normal swallow?

A
  • oral prep
  • oral
  • pharyngeal
  • esophageal
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9
Q

What happens during the oral prep stage of a normal swallow?

A
  • food chewed, mixed with saliva, and made into a ball

- use lips to get stuff into mouth

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10
Q

What happens during the oral stage of a normal swallow?

A

-food moved to back of mouth

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11
Q

Which swallow stages are voluntary?

A

Oral prep and oral stage

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12
Q

What happens during the pharyngeal stage of a normal swallow?

A
  • bolus moves through pharynx, passing the vocal folds and going down into the esophagus
  • larynx moves up and forward
  • the vocal folds close so that if anything does come near the airway, it won’t go through
  • epiglottis comes down and directs bolus posteriorly/protects trachea
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13
Q

During which stage does the apneic even of swallowing happen?

A

pharyngeal

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14
Q

What happens during the esophageal stage of a normal swallow?

A

-food enters esophagus and moves into the stomach

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15
Q

Which stages of swallowing are involuntary?

A

pharyngeal and esophageal

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16
Q

What are the three sphincters in the swallowing system?

A
  • orbicularis oris
  • soft palate (keeps food out of nasal cavity)
  • upper esophageal sphincter
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17
Q

How does swallowing change over a person’s lifetime?

A
  • babies can swallow and breathe at the same time (larynx lowers over time?
  • larynx lowers in older people so this can affect swallowing
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18
Q

What are the cranial nerves for swallowing?

A
  • V Trigeminal
  • VII Facial
  • IX Glossopharyngeal
  • X Vagus
  • XII Hypoglossal
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19
Q

What are the reflexes we learned about in class?

A
  • chewing
  • rooting/suckling
  • palatal (when something touches soft palate, velum goes up)
  • gag
  • cough
  • tongue base
  • pain
  • respiration (don’t breathe and swallow at same time)
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20
Q

What are some of the functions of saliva?

A

-bolus formation, bolus consistency, bolus transport, digestion, dental health (lysozome can be antibacterial)

21
Q

What are the saliva glands?

A
  • partoid (thinner saliva)
  • submandibular (mixed saliva)
  • sublingual (thicker saliva; mixes with bolus)
22
Q

What are the types of saliva?

A
  • mucous
  • serous
  • fluid
23
Q

What is xerostomia?

A

insufficient salivary production (dry mouth)

24
Q

How is taste different from flavour?

A

taste happens on chemical receptors, flavor involves taste, smell, cranial nerve

25
Q

Which cranial nerve is good for tasting sweet + salty tastes?

A

CN VII Facial

26
Q

Which cranial nerve is good for tasting bitter tastes?

A

CN IX Glossopharyngeal

27
Q

Where are taste receptors found?

A

tongue, palate, and esophagus

28
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located?

A

upper nasal cavity

29
Q

What does the neurological control of swallowing involve?

A
  • cerebellum
  • cortex
  • brainstem
  • peripheral system

(lower level and higher level functions working together; swallowing and respiration very highly coordinated)

30
Q

What is an abnormal oral prep stage like?

A
  • unable to contain food in mouth/form cohesive bolus

- abnormal “hold” position

31
Q

What is an abnormal oral stage like?

A
  • increased oral transit time
  • abnormal/weak tongue movements
  • uncontrolled bolus with premature spillage
32
Q

What is an abnormal pharyngeal stage like?

A
  • delayed swallow reflex
  • increased pharyngeal transit time
  • penetration with or without aspiration
33
Q

What is an abnormal esophageal stage like?

A

-decrease peristaltic wave

34
Q

What is penetration?

A

food gets past epiglottis, but not necessarily past the vocal folds

35
Q

What is aspiration?

A

food gets below the level of the vocal folds

36
Q

When does penetration/aspiration happen?

A

pharyngeal stage

37
Q

What are some of the risks of swallowing disorders?

A
  • poor nutrition and weight loss
  • dehydration
  • aspiration
38
Q

Who is at the greatest risk for swallowing disorders?

A
  • elderly
  • dementia
  • strokes
  • head injury
  • premature babies
  • parkinson’s disease
  • ALS
39
Q

What are the signs of swallowing problems?

A
  • couching, choking, and/or throat clearing with liquids and solids
  • watery eyes/runny nose
  • holding food in mouth
  • refusing to eat
  • food falling from mouth
  • aspiration pneumonia
  • weight loss/dehydration or weight gain
  • recurrent upper respiratory infections
  • high correlation with COPD
  • confused and/or lethargic
  • gurgly “wet” vocal quality or weak voice
  • drooling
  • long time to eat meals
40
Q

Who identifies and treats swallowing problems?

A
  • nursing
  • dietary staff
  • SLP
  • physician
  • families
41
Q

What happens at a bedside eval?

A

-patient screened for presence or absence of aspiration/risk of aspiration

42
Q

What can a bedside eval yield information about?

A
  • oral phase functioning and sensation
  • positioning
  • tolerated consistencies
  • cooperation
  • further assessment procedures
43
Q

what CAN’T a bedside eval yield information about?

A
  • aspiration

- status of pharyngeal or esophageal phases

44
Q

What are the imaging techniques for the evaluation of swallowing disorders?

A
  • videofluoroscopy/Modified barium swallow
  • ultrasound
  • endoscopy
45
Q

What are the non-imaging techniques for the evaluation of swallowing disorders?

A
  • EMG
  • cervical auscultation
  • manometry
46
Q

What do we use an ultrasound for?

A

assess oral tongue, hyoid bone moement

47
Q

What is EMG/what is it good for?

A

records electrical activity of muscles… good for research, therapy

48
Q

What is cervical auscultation?

A

use stethoscope to listen for wet voice, assess respiration and voice quality

49
Q

What is manometry?

A

internal sensors to measure pressure, used in teaching hospitals and not really anywhere else, apparently

Anatomy (8 decks)

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