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Anatomy > Unit 3 - Phonation > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Phonation Flashcards

0
Q

What is the largest structure in the larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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1
Q

What kind of cartilage is the thyroid cartilage composed of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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2
Q

What is the point of anterior attachment for the vocal folds?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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3
Q

Where are the superior and inferior cornus?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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4
Q

What does the thyroid cartilage do?

A

Rocks back and forth in relation to cricoid cartilage below

Assists in stretching and thinning of the vocal folds, resulting in changes in pitch

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5
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage located?

A

Directly underneath the thyroid cartilage

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6
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage shaped like?

A

Signet ring - band in the front, face at the back

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7
Q

What is the most inferior structure in the larynx?

A

The cricoid cartilage

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8
Q

The cricoid has facets at the top to support what?

A

The arytenoids and corniculates

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9
Q

What are the most important muscles for voicing?

A

Arytenoids and corniculates

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11
Q

What is the shape of the arytenoids?

A

Pyrimidal

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12
Q

What are the anterior and posterior points of attachment of the vocal folds?

A

anterior - thyroid cartilage

posterior - arytenoids

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13
Q

How do the arytenoids move?

A

with a rocking and rolling motion

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14
Q

What is adduction?

A

Vocal folds brought together

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15
Q

What is abduction?

A

Vocal folds being pulled apart

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16
Q

what is dilation?

A

vocal folds being brought really far apart to force inspiration

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17
Q

Where does the epiglottis originate? Where else does it attach?

A

inner surface below thyroid notch. root of the tongue

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18
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Protects the trachea during swallowing

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19
Q

WHat is the shape of the hyoid bone?

A

shaped like a u, open in the back

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20
Q

What two structures does the hyoid connect?

A

tongue and laryngeal structure

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21
Q

What are the two laryngeal joints?

A

Cricoarytenoid joint

Cricothyroid joint

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22
Q

What does the cricoarytenoid joint do?

A

-saddle joint
-ad and abduction
Posterior cricoarytenoid ligament
anterior cricoaryteoid ligament

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23
Q

What does the cricothyroid joint do?

A

-pivot joint
changes in pitch
posterior, lateral, and anterior ceratocricoid ligaments

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

Accomplish phonation

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25
Q

What are the vocal fold abductors?

A

posterior cricoarytenoids

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26
Q

What are the vocal fold adductors? (3)

A
  • lateral cricoarytenoids
  • transverse arytenoids
  • oblique arytenoids
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27
Q

What are the vocal fold tensors? (3)

A
  • thyroartenoids (bulk of muscle of vocal folds)
  • vocalis or muscularis
  • cricothyroids - contribute to pitch elevation - stretch and lengthen
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28
Q

What is the point of attachment of the posterior cricoarytenoids? the point of insertion?

A

origin: posterior surface of cricoid
insertion: muscular process of ipsilateral arytenoid

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29
Q

what is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoids?

A

responsible for rocking and gliding arytenoids apart - opens the glottis

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30
Q

What is the point of origin of the lateral cricoarytenoids? point of insertion?

A

origin: upper body of arch of cricoid
insertion: muscular process of each arytenoid

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31
Q

What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoids?

A

close the vocal folds
(act in opposition to posterior cricoarytenoids)
increase medial compression

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32
Q

What are the interarytenoids?

A
  • transverse arytenoid

- oblique arytenoids

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33
Q

Where does the transverse arytenoid attach and what is its function?

A

single muscle that attaches to each arytenoid, closes vocal folds

34
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the oblique arytenoids and what is their function?

A

origin: muscular process
insertion: apex of each arytenoid
function: to adduct arytenoid cartilages

35
Q

What are the internal thyroarytenoids also known as?

A

thyrovocalis

36
Q

What are the external thyroaretenoids also known as?

A

Thyromuscularis, muscularis

37
Q

What is the point of origin of the internal thyroarytenoids? Point of insertion? Function?

A

origin: posterior surface of thyroid cartilage
insertion: vocal process of each arytenoid
function: body of the vocal folds, vibratory, tensor

38
Q

What is the point of origin of the external thyroarytenoids? point of insertion? function?

A

origin; posterior surface (angle) of the thyroid cartilage

insertion: muscular process of each arytenoid
function: relaxor

39
Q

What is the point of origin for the cricothyroid? point of insertion? function?

A

origin: lower border and outer surface of cricoid arch
insertion: lower portion of thyroid lamina to inferior horn of the thyroid
function: lengthening, pitch change

40
Q

What are the elevators? (8)

A
  • digastric
  • stylohyoid
  • mylohyoid
  • geniohyoid
  • hyoclossus
  • genioglossus
  • cricopharyngeus
  • thyropharyngeus
41
Q

What are the depressors? (4)

A
  • Sternohyoid
  • omohyoid (scapula to hyoid)
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid
42
Q

what is the function of thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus?

A

swallowing

43
Q

What are the extrinsic laryngeal membranes? (2)

A
  • thyrohyoid membrane

- cricothyroid membrane

44
Q

What are the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx? (3)

A
  • cricotracheal ligament??
  • hypoepiglottic ligament
  • thyroepiglottic ligament
  • glossoepiglottic ligament
45
Q

What are the internal laryngeal membranes?

A

-quadrangular membrane (aryepiglottic fold is an open edge that goes from arytenoids to epiglottis)
(upper intrinsic membrane)
-conus elasticus (upper edge called vocal ligment (part of vocal folds)
(lower intrinsic membrane)

46
Q

What are the five layers of tissues in the vocal folds?

A
  • squamous epithlium
  • lamina propria (superficial, intermediate, deep)
  • vocalis muscle
47
Q

What is the mucosal cover?

A

most superficial layer of vocal folds

squamous epithelium + superficial lamina propria - fluid lots of movement, moist

48
Q

What is the vocal ligament?

A

middle layer of the vocal folds

intermediate + deep lamina propria - stiffness, support

49
Q

What is the vocalis muscle?

A

deepest layer of the vocal folds – responsible for movement

50
Q

What are the spaces in the laryngeal cavity?

A
  • supraglottal cavity
  • glottal area
  • subglottal cavity
51
Q

What is the first laryngeal valve?

A

aryepiglottic folds

52
Q

When do the aryepiglottic folds adduct?

A

during hard coughting

53
Q

What inserts into the epiglottis and helps to pull it down?

A

aryepiglottic folds

54
Q

What conditions may cause the aryepiglottic folds to adduct during phonation?

A

increased supraglottal tension

55
Q

What is the second laryngeal valve?

A

ventricular folds

56
Q

Where are the ventricular folds located?

A

above the true vocal folds

57
Q

When does adduction of the ventricular folds occur?

A

during swallowing, coughing, vomiting, and other biological acts requiring laryngeal closure

58
Q

What are all of the laryngeal spaces and valves in order from top to bottom?

A 
aditus
aryepiglottic folds
vestibule
ventricular folds
ventricle
true vocal folds
glottis
subglottic cavity
59
Q

What does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

external - inferior constrictor and cricothyroid
(and extrinsic muscles??)
internal - sensory portion of the larynx

60
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid

61
Q

what is the myoelastic property of the vocal folds?

A

elastic component of the vocal folds - vocal folds will come back together because of the elastic nature of the muscle in the vocal folds

62
Q

What is the aerodynamic principle of the vocal folds?

A

in a constricted space, air speeds up and creates a vacuum behind it that sucks the vocal folds back together

63
Q

what are the phases of phonation?

A

attack
sustained phonation
termination

64
Q

What are the kinds of attack?

A

breathy
simultaneous
glottal

65
Q

how is whispering different from regular phonation?

A
  • toeing in of arytenoids closes anterior folds; creates posterior glottal chink (anatomical difference)
  • air passes between approximated arytenoids; no vocal fold vibration (physiological difference)
  • friction like noise (perceptual difference)
66
Q

What are the vocal registers we discussed in class?

A
  • modal register (conversational speech)
  • glottal fry (low and rough)
  • falsetto (high, thin vocal folds)
  • whistle (above falsetto)
67
Q

What attributes of the vfs do we alter to create different tones?

A 
approximation (how close they come together)
tension
thickness
length
breath supply
68
Q

intensity changes are brought about by a combination of:

A

increased subglottal air pressure

increased tension in the vocal folds (problematic if prolonged)

69
Q

What is the fundamental frequency?

A

average rate of vibration (each voice has one f0 but multiple harmonics)

70
Q

What is the average frequency of mens’ voices?

A

130 hz (15-30 mm vfs)

71
Q

What is the average frequency of womens’ voices?

A

220 hz (9-24 mm vfs)

72
Q

changes in pitch are a result of changes in…

A

thickness/tension/length

73
Q

What are the mechanisms for changes in pitch?

A
  • cricothyroid (tensor)
  • thyroarytenoid (tensor)
  • posterior cricoarytenoid (relaxor)
  • sternohyoid
  • thyrohyoid
74
Q

what are the perceptions of vocal quality?

A
  • breathiness
  • hoarseness
  • harshness
  • vocal fry
  • hypernasality
  • hyponasality
  • asthenic voice
75
Q

What is breathiness?

A

impression of excessive leakage of air during phonation, related to degree of laryngeal closure

76
Q

What is hoarseness

A

most common, leakage of air along with aperiocity of vibrato; suggests incomplete closure and increase of vf thickness

77
Q

What is harshness?

A

excessive effort, tension and constritcion in vocal tract, hard onsets, overadduction of vfs

78
Q

What is vocal fry?

A

lowest pitch, creaky

79
Q

What is hypernasality?

A

-inappropriate or incomplete vp closure and excessive nasal resonance
velopharyngeal incompetency
velopharyngeal insufficiency

80
Q

What is hyponasality?

A

denasal

causes - excessive secretions, swollen membranes, structural deviations, growths, enlarged adenoids

81
Q

what is asthenic voice?

A

weak, thin, increased pitch

Anatomy (8 decks)

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