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Anatomy > Unit 3 - Phonation > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Phonation Flashcards

0
Q

What is the largest structure in the larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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1
Q

What kind of cartilage is the thyroid cartilage composed of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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2
Q

What is the point of anterior attachment for the vocal folds?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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3
Q

Where are the superior and inferior cornus?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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4
Q

What does the thyroid cartilage do?

A

Rocks back and forth in relation to cricoid cartilage below

Assists in stretching and thinning of the vocal folds, resulting in changes in pitch

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5
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage located?

A

Directly underneath the thyroid cartilage

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6
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage shaped like?

A

Signet ring - band in the front, face at the back

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7
Q

What is the most inferior structure in the larynx?

A

The cricoid cartilage

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8
Q

The cricoid has facets at the top to support what?

A

The arytenoids and corniculates

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9
Q

What are the most important muscles for voicing?

A

Arytenoids and corniculates

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11
Q

What is the shape of the arytenoids?

A

Pyrimidal

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12
Q

What are the anterior and posterior points of attachment of the vocal folds?

A

anterior - thyroid cartilage

posterior - arytenoids

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13
Q

How do the arytenoids move?

A

with a rocking and rolling motion

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14
Q

What is adduction?

A

Vocal folds brought together

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15
Q

What is abduction?

A

Vocal folds being pulled apart

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16
Q

what is dilation?

A

vocal folds being brought really far apart to force inspiration

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17
Q

Where does the epiglottis originate? Where else does it attach?

A

inner surface below thyroid notch. root of the tongue

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18
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Protects the trachea during swallowing

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19
Q

WHat is the shape of the hyoid bone?

A

shaped like a u, open in the back

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20
Q

What two structures does the hyoid connect?

A

tongue and laryngeal structure

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21
Q

What are the two laryngeal joints?

A

Cricoarytenoid joint

Cricothyroid joint

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22
Q

What does the cricoarytenoid joint do?

A

-saddle joint
-ad and abduction
Posterior cricoarytenoid ligament
anterior cricoaryteoid ligament

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23
Q

What does the cricothyroid joint do?

A

-pivot joint
changes in pitch
posterior, lateral, and anterior ceratocricoid ligaments

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

Accomplish phonation

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25
What are the vocal fold abductors?
posterior cricoarytenoids
26
What are the vocal fold adductors? (3)
- lateral cricoarytenoids - transverse arytenoids - oblique arytenoids
27
What are the vocal fold tensors? (3)
- thyroartenoids (bulk of muscle of vocal folds) - vocalis or muscularis - cricothyroids - contribute to pitch elevation - stretch and lengthen
28
What is the point of attachment of the posterior cricoarytenoids? the point of insertion?
origin: posterior surface of cricoid insertion: muscular process of ipsilateral arytenoid
29
what is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoids?
responsible for rocking and gliding arytenoids apart - opens the glottis
30
What is the point of origin of the lateral cricoarytenoids? point of insertion?
origin: upper body of arch of cricoid insertion: muscular process of each arytenoid
31
What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoids?
close the vocal folds (act in opposition to posterior cricoarytenoids) increase medial compression
32
What are the interarytenoids?
- transverse arytenoid | - oblique arytenoids
33
Where does the transverse arytenoid attach and what is its function?
single muscle that attaches to each arytenoid, closes vocal folds
34
What is the origin and insertion point of the oblique arytenoids and what is their function?
origin: muscular process insertion: apex of each arytenoid function: to adduct arytenoid cartilages
35
What are the internal thyroarytenoids also known as?
thyrovocalis
36
What are the external thyroaretenoids also known as?
Thyromuscularis, muscularis
37
What is the point of origin of the internal thyroarytenoids? Point of insertion? Function?
origin: posterior surface of thyroid cartilage insertion: vocal process of each arytenoid function: body of the vocal folds, vibratory, tensor
38
What is the point of origin of the external thyroarytenoids? point of insertion? function?
origin; posterior surface (angle) of the thyroid cartilage insertion: muscular process of each arytenoid function: relaxor
39
What is the point of origin for the cricothyroid? point of insertion? function?
origin: lower border and outer surface of cricoid arch insertion: lower portion of thyroid lamina to inferior horn of the thyroid function: lengthening, pitch change
40
What are the elevators? (8)
- digastric - stylohyoid - mylohyoid - geniohyoid - hyoclossus - genioglossus - cricopharyngeus - thyropharyngeus
41
What are the depressors? (4)
- Sternohyoid - omohyoid (scapula to hyoid) - sternothyroid - thyrohyoid
42
what is the function of thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus?
swallowing
43
What are the extrinsic laryngeal membranes? (2)
- thyrohyoid membrane | - cricothyroid membrane
44
What are the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx? (3)
- cricotracheal ligament?? - hypoepiglottic ligament - thyroepiglottic ligament - glossoepiglottic ligament
45
What are the internal laryngeal membranes?
-quadrangular membrane (aryepiglottic fold is an open edge that goes from arytenoids to epiglottis) (upper intrinsic membrane) -conus elasticus (upper edge called vocal ligment (part of vocal folds) (lower intrinsic membrane)
46
What are the five layers of tissues in the vocal folds?
- squamous epithlium - lamina propria (superficial, intermediate, deep) - vocalis muscle
47
What is the mucosal cover?
most superficial layer of vocal folds | squamous epithelium + superficial lamina propria - fluid lots of movement, moist
48
What is the vocal ligament?
middle layer of the vocal folds | intermediate + deep lamina propria - stiffness, support
49
What is the vocalis muscle?
deepest layer of the vocal folds -- responsible for movement
50
What are the spaces in the laryngeal cavity?
- supraglottal cavity - glottal area - subglottal cavity
51
What is the first laryngeal valve?
aryepiglottic folds
52
When do the aryepiglottic folds adduct?
during hard coughting
53
What inserts into the epiglottis and helps to pull it down?
aryepiglottic folds
54
What conditions may cause the aryepiglottic folds to adduct during phonation?
increased supraglottal tension
55
What is the second laryngeal valve?
ventricular folds
56
Where are the ventricular folds located?
above the true vocal folds
57
When does adduction of the ventricular folds occur?
during swallowing, coughing, vomiting, and other biological acts requiring laryngeal closure
58
What are all of the laryngeal spaces and valves in order from top to bottom?
``` aditus aryepiglottic folds vestibule ventricular folds ventricle true vocal folds glottis subglottic cavity ```
59
What does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?
external - inferior constrictor and cricothyroid (and extrinsic muscles??) internal - sensory portion of the larynx
60
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?
all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
61
what is the myoelastic property of the vocal folds?
elastic component of the vocal folds - vocal folds will come back together because of the elastic nature of the muscle in the vocal folds
62
What is the aerodynamic principle of the vocal folds?
in a constricted space, air speeds up and creates a vacuum behind it that sucks the vocal folds back together
63
what are the phases of phonation?
attack sustained phonation termination
64
What are the kinds of attack?
breathy simultaneous glottal
65
how is whispering different from regular phonation?
- toeing in of arytenoids closes anterior folds; creates posterior glottal chink (anatomical difference) - air passes between approximated arytenoids; no vocal fold vibration (physiological difference) - friction like noise (perceptual difference)
66
What are the vocal registers we discussed in class?
- modal register (conversational speech) - glottal fry (low and rough) - falsetto (high, thin vocal folds) - whistle (above falsetto)
67
What attributes of the vfs do we alter to create different tones?
``` approximation (how close they come together) tension thickness length breath supply ```
68
intensity changes are brought about by a combination of:
increased subglottal air pressure | increased tension in the vocal folds (problematic if prolonged)
69
What is the fundamental frequency?
average rate of vibration (each voice has one f0 but multiple harmonics)
70
What is the average frequency of mens' voices?
130 hz (15-30 mm vfs)
71
What is the average frequency of womens' voices?
220 hz (9-24 mm vfs)
72
changes in pitch are a result of changes in...
thickness/tension/length
73
What are the mechanisms for changes in pitch?
- cricothyroid (tensor) - thyroarytenoid (tensor) - posterior cricoarytenoid (relaxor) - sternohyoid - thyrohyoid
74
what are the perceptions of vocal quality?
- breathiness - hoarseness - harshness - vocal fry - hypernasality - hyponasality - asthenic voice
75
What is breathiness?
impression of excessive leakage of air during phonation, related to degree of laryngeal closure
76
What is hoarseness
most common, leakage of air along with aperiocity of vibrato; suggests incomplete closure and increase of vf thickness
77
What is harshness?
excessive effort, tension and constritcion in vocal tract, hard onsets, overadduction of vfs
78
What is vocal fry?
lowest pitch, creaky
79
What is hypernasality?
-inappropriate or incomplete vp closure and excessive nasal resonance velopharyngeal incompetency velopharyngeal insufficiency
80
What is hyponasality?
denasal | causes - excessive secretions, swollen membranes, structural deviations, growths, enlarged adenoids
81
what is asthenic voice?
weak, thin, increased pitch

Anatomy (8 decks)

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