Unit 2 - Respiration Flashcards by Nicole Farnsworth

What is respiration?

exchange of gas between an organism and its environment

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What are the four main parts of the respiratory system?

Respiratory airway
pulmonary system
skeletal support
muscles of inspiration and exhalation

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What are the parts of the respiratory airway? (3)

Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx

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What are the openings to the nasal cavity called?

Nares

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What happens to air breathed in through the nasal cavity (as opposed to the oral cavity)

warmed, moistened, filtered

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How is air filtered when breathed in through the nasal cavity?

specialized epithelium (mucous membranes and cilia)

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What are the three sections of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx - behind nasal cavity
Oropharynx - back of the mouth
Hypopharynx/laryngopharynx - common area for nose and mouth

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What are the two functions of the hypo/laryngopharynx?

swallowing and breathing

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What are the parts of the pulmonary system? (4)

Larynx
trachea
bronchi/bronchial tubes
lungs

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What is the primary function of the larynx?

biological - acts as a valve during eating, etc

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What is the secondary function of the larynx?

phonatory

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What is the trachea?

rigid, flexible tube

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What surrounds the trachea?

16-20 rings of hyaline cartilage that open at the back

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What connects the cartilage rings around the trachea?

mucous membrane

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What lines the trachea?

cilia

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What do the cilia in the trachea do?

move the mucous blanket the covers the inside of the trachea up and out - gets rid of bad stuff that might be in the trachea (pollen, dust, etc)

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What is the carina?

the point where the trachea divides into two bronchi

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What is aspiration?

when something that shouldn’t gets below the level of the vocal folds

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At what point are the bronchi no longer surrounded by cartilage (or have cilia in them)?

when they have started dividing into bronchials

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What is different about the right lung compared to the left

it is slightly more in line with the trachea - aspiration more likely to occur in this lung

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Where are the alveoli located?

In the lungs, housed within the alveolar ducts

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what is surfactant?

lubrication in the lungs

helps the tissue covering lungs and ribs move together smoothly

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What is COPD? (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Alveoli lose elasticity
alveoli are destroyed
bronchial walls become thick and inflamed

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Left lung has __ lobes

2 - superior, inferior

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right lung has __ lobes

3 - superior, middle, inferior

What shape are the lungs?

conical

What are the lungs made of?

spongy, elastic tissues -- NO MUSCLES

Where is the diaphragm located?

under the base of the lungs

What is pleura?

tissue that covers lungs and inner thoracic cavity

What is the purpose of the pleura?

a means of smooth contact for rough surfaces | translates force into inspiration making respiration efficient

Where does the exchange of gas happen?

Alveoli

What are the parts of the skeletal support system? (4)

Rib cage vetebral column pelvic girdle pectoral girdle

What are the parts of the Thoracic cavity? (4)

rib cage mediastinum pleural membranes pulmonary system

What is in the mediastinum?

heart, blood, lymph vessels, esophagus, thymus gland (antibodies), phrenic nerves (innervates diaphragm)

What are all ribs attached to?

vetebral column

Which ribs are connected to the sternum?

true ribs (vetebrosternal)

What are vertebrochondral ribs?

ribs that are connected to the cartilage that connects to the sternum (false ribs)

What are floating ribs?

ribs that don't attach to anything besides vertebral column

What are the parts of each rib? (5)

head, neck, tubercle (point of attachment for muscles), angle, shaft

What are the five sections of the vertebral column?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccoogeal?? (coccyx)

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

How many Thoracic vertebrae are there?

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5 (fused)

What is C1 called and what is special about it?

atlas - holds up skull, has a lot of movement

What is C2 called and what is special about it?

axis - helps atlas move around, allows us to turn our heads

What is the dens?

the part of the axis that sticks up and allows the atlas to rotate around it

What are the parts of one vertebra?

``` Spinous process vertebral foramen Superior articular facet corpus transverse formane ```

What is the spinous process?

spiny part at the back of a vertebrae where muscles attach

What is the vertebral foramen?

big hole in the middle of the vertebra where the spinal cord goes

What is the superior articular facet?

part of a vertebra that supports the vertebra directly above it

what is the transverse foramen?

one of two holes on the vertebra where spinal nerves get out

What are the parts of the pectoral girdle? (3)

shoulder girdle scapula clavicle

What are the parts of the pelvic girdle?

Ilium (hip bones) (iliac crest) Sacrum Pubis (pubic bone) Ischium (sit bones)

What is the function of the pelvic girdle for respiration?

provides support for abdominal musculature

Inhalation is an __________ process

active

What is the muscle responsible for vertical enlargement of the thorax?

diaphragm

How does the diaphragm work?

flattens as it contracts, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity

Which nerves supply the diaphragm?

left and right phrenic nerves

What are the three openings in the diaphragm for?

aorta, esophagus, inferior vena cava

Where is the diaphragm located?

directly below the lungs

What muscles are responsible for horizontal enlargement of the thoracic cavity?

external intercostals

How do the external intercostals work?

each one connects to a rib; when each contracts, it pulls the rib underneath it up and out like a bucket handle, resulting in the horizontal enlargement of the thoracic cavity.

Which muscles are responsible for upper vertical enlargement and stabilization?

accessory muscles - in the back, shoulders, and neck

What are the muscles that lift the ribs in the back?

levator costarum brevis levator costarum longis Serratus posterior superior

What are the accessory muscles of the neck?

sternocleidomastoid | anterior, middle, and posterior scalenes

What are the accessory muscles of the shoulders?

``` pectoralis major and minor levator scapulae serratus anterior trapezius rhomboideus major/minor ```

How does quiet exhalation work?

passive | everything goes back to resting, creates positive pressure in the lungs and air is forced back out

What happens during passive exhalation?

lungs go back to normal size untorquing of the ribs recoil of the viscera gravitational pull on rib cage

What are the muscles of forced exhalation?

``` Internal intercostals - depress rib cage abdominals transversus thoracis subcostals serratus posterior inferior ```

What are the different types of abdominal muscles from most superficial to deepest?

External oblique Internal oblique Rectus abdominis Transversus abdominis

What is the tidal volume of the lungs?

the amount of air that's inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing

What's the inspiratory reserve volume?

tidal volume + extra amount of air that's inhaled during deep breathing

what's the expiratory reserve volume?

tidal volume + extra amount of air that's exhaled during deep breathing

What's the residual volume of the lungs?

air that's always in the lungs

What's the vital capacity of the lungs?

how much air total we have available for use (mostly for speech) tidal volume + inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes

What's the functional reserve capacity of the lungs?

expiratory reserve + residual volume

What's the inspiratory capacity of the lungs?

maximum we can inhale + tidal volume

What's total lung capacity?

everything added together

What is intrapleural pressure?

between the layers of pleura - negative

What is alveolar pressure?

within the lungs

Compare the RHYTHM of breathing for life and breathing for speech

life: inhalation and exhalation equal speech: quick inhalation, prolonged exhalation

compare RATE of breathing for life and speech

life: about 16-20 cycles speech: increased; varies according to length of the message

Compare the FORCE of breathing for life and speech

life: feels almost effortless; primary muscle is diaphragm; exhalation is passive speech: additional force supplied by abdominals and external intercostals

Compare the CONTROL of breathing for life and speech

life: autonomic speech: voluntary

Compare the VOLUME of breathing for life and speech

life: less than full lung volume speech: greater; varries with message