Unit 5 Short Answers Flashcards
What are the 3 sectors of Industry
- Primary Industries (5% of the Workforce)
- Secondary Industries (20%-25% of the Workforce)
- Tertiary Industries (70%-75% of the Workforce)
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Describe Primary Industries
- They are industries that extract “raw materials” from the natural environment. It is for this reason that these industries are referred to as “Extractive Industries”
- They are known as “Primary” industries because this must take place before any other steps can occur
- Logically, Primary industries are located in areas, which contain natural resources
- Canada has a wide range of Primary Industries such as Agriculture, Mining, Forestry, and Fishing.
Can be anywhere, doesn’t have to be localised
Describe Secondary Industries
- Involves the processing of Natural Resources into finished goods
- The most important Secondary Industry is Manufacturing. Manufacturers make everything from computer parts and diamond rings to bulldozers and houses
- Secondary Industries employ for more Canadians than do Primary Industries
- Construction alone has more workers than all Primary Industries put together
- Manufacturing has so many jobs because it often involves many more than one stage of processing
Describe Tertiary Industries
- Provide a wide range of services that support Primary and Secondary Industries as well as society in general
- The vast majority of Canadians do not make products. Instead, they provide services for others. (For Example: Working in a grocery store or driving a taxicab).
- Service Industries provide almost 3 times as many jobs to Canadians than do Primary and Secondary Industries involved
- Service Industries are located all across the country in all different types of communities
How do the 3 types of industries all come together?
EXAMPLE
If you buy a pair of ice skates, it involves all three sectors of industry
1. Primary:
* Natural resources produces blades and leather
2. Secondary:
* Minerals used to create steel
* Leather to assemble boot
* Assembly of skate
3. Tertiary:
* Store sells the skate
* Skate sharpening done at local arean and sports store
What 3 areas does Commercial Fishing occur in Canada
- East Coast (Highest Production)
- West Coast (Lower Production but Higher Value)
- Inland Lakes (Fresh Water but Lowest Production)
Is Canada a top fishing Nation?
Canada is NOT a top fishing nation but is a leading exporter of fish. This is because Canadians only eat small numbers of fish, we export 75% of the catch to other countries. (Japan, U.S.A, and Europe).
Describe East Coast Fishing
- Until recently, the ocean waters off the east coast of Canada were one of the world’s greatest fishing grounds. This happens for 2 reasons
- A particularly wide continetal shelf (Water less than 200m deep - these are known as the Fishing Banks)
- Sunlight penetrates to the bottom making conditions ideal for Plankton (which attracts large numbers of fish).
- The largest and best-known region on the East Coast is the “Grand Banks” -they have an area of 282,500km2. This region is best known for its production of Codfish
- In the 1980’s the Northern Cod seemed to be disappearing
- In 1991 the East Coast Fishery Collapsed
- In 1992 the government was forced to halt all fishing of Northern Cod and put major restrictions on the catching of all other ground fish in the area
Why did the East Coast Fishery Collapse?
- Over Fishing
- Improved Fishing Technology
- Uncontrolled Foregin Fishing (Big Factor)
- Destructive Fishing Practices
- Changes in Natural Conditions (Water Temperature Dropped, Salt Levels)
Describe Minerals
- Minerals in soil come from the rock (Bedrock) also known as parent material
- Minerals become part of the soil when rock is broken down by weathering (sand, silt, or clay).
- These minerals from the rock are nutrients that are needed for plant growth
True soil consists of four main plates
- Minerals
- Bacteria and Organic Material
- Air
- Moisture
Describe Bacteria and Organic Material
- When plants and animal die, bacteria in the soil decomposes them
- When bacteria breaks down this organic matter, nutrients are released
- Decaying organic materials forms what is known as HUMUS, which gives nutrients and moisture for plants. This gives soil its dark colour.
Describe Air
- High Humus levels help produce air in the soil because decaying materials allows for many air pockets to form
- Insects and small animals also create air spaces as well
Describe Moisture
- Water dissolves nutrients in the soil and is then taken up by plants through their roots
- Water also weathers rock and decays organic matter
What is the 4 Processes of Soil
1. Weathering
2. Leaching
3. Calcification (Capillary Action)
4. Decomposition (Decay)
4 Processes of Soil
Describe Calcification (Capillary Action)
Calcification (Capillary Action)
- Calcification occurs in areas with drier climates
- Water in the top soil will evaporate, therefore, the water from below will move to the top to replace the evaporated water. This Process is called Capillary Action
- As water rises to the surface and evaporates, the minerals are left behind. This result in top soil that is rich in minerals. This process is known as Calification because calcium is the main mineral that is deposited near the layer
- Excessive Capillarizatin can cause the soil to be toxic and harmful to plant life
4 Processes of Soil
Describe Weathering
Weathering: Breaking down of bedrock to form rock particles
4 Processes of Soil
Describe Leaching
Leaching: Occurs in areas with a great deal of precipitation. There is a continuous downward movement of water through the soil.
- There is a downward movement of minerals, which is pushed by water and carried down by gravity
- Water is a major component in combining rock particles and Humus
- Excessive Leaching can cause nutrients to travel too deep and plants and roots will find it difficult to absorb the nutrients that the nutreints provide them
4 Processes of Soil
Describe Decomposition (Decay)
Decomposition (Decay)
- Breaking down and rotting occurs to material found in the soil
- Things such as water, plants, roots, and animals are broken down in soil
- Bacterial actions is very important, once material is broken up, bacterial action can occur
- BACTERIA can break down these minerals found in the soil into nutrients, therefore alllowing plants to absorb these useable food to sustain life
What is the 3 Types of Forestry?
1. Clear Cutting
2. Shelterwood Cutting
3. Selective Cutting (Least Disruptive)
3 Types of Forestry
Describe Clear Cutting
- Loggers remve every tree and leave a burden (empty) landscape
- When replanted, the new forest grows uniformity in species and size
Clear Cutting: Cut down all tress regardless of the type and size
(Pros/Advantages): Cheap & Fast, Creates Uniformity, We Replant What We Want
(Cons/Disadvantages): Destroys Habitat, Wasteful, Erosion if we do not replant
3 Types of Forestry
Describe Shelterwood Cutting
- Involves Clear-Cutting
Shelterwood Logging: We log a certain section of the forest
(Pros/Advantages:) Provides Shelter for the soil, Provides some habitat for animals, allows for the forest to rejuvenate naturally
(Cons/Disadvantages:) Lacks Uniformity, not as fast or cheap as Clear-Cutting
3 Types of Forestry
Describe Selective Cutting
- *Naturally reguvinates
- Sustainable Yield Managaement: Taking from the Earth without damaging or allowing to regenerate or reproduce
Selective Cutting: Cut down only certain types, size, quality of the tree
(Pros/Advantages:) Cut down only the trees you want (less wasteful), less disruptive for the environment
(Cons/Disadvantages:) More time consuming and expensive, Lacks Uniformity
What is the source of many of our mineral deposits? (location)
The Canadian Shield
What is the Types of Mines?
- Strip Mining: Used in Oil, Sands, Coal and other Minerals located near the surface. Strips are removed from the surface with Machines or Blasting
- Open Pit Mining: Used for Minerals near the surface and slightly deeper. Often used for coal or Rock Mining. Sometimes pits can be quite deep
- Underground Mining: Used to extract Minerals deep beneath the surface using deep underground mine shafts and tunnels. Commonly used for coal or potash
What are the Environmental Issues with Mining?
- Mining can cause air pollution, acid percipitation, and can pollute local water sources
- Abandoned mines can also be an environmental and aesthetic hazard
What is the Economic Issues for Mining?
- 50% of Minerals in Canada are processed after being exported –> Exported Jobs
- The Echo Effect: Global markets control mineral prices and demand, so if demand for minerals slow in Asia, we feel it here
- Foregic Competetion –> Lower production costs overseas make their minerals cheaper
- Boom-Bust Towns –> After a mine closes, many one industry towns have abandoned. (I.E Elliot Lake, Lake Ontario)
What is the 2 best alternate energies? Whats the Pros and Cons for the best one?
Hydro Power (Best)
Pros:
- Renewable Energy Source
- Pairs well with other Renewables
- Can meet peak electricty demand
- Is inexpensive in the long run
- Produced domestically
- Can be used for irrigration
Cons:
- Some adverse environmental impact
- Expensive up-front
- Lack of available reservoirs
- Facilities rely on local hydrology
Geothermal Energy (2nd Best)
What Degree is the Growing Season?
5*C
What is the 6 Types of Urban Land Use and the Percentages?
- Residential 40%
- Commercial 5%
- Transportation 32%
- Industrial 6%
- Recreation 7%
- Instituational 10%
What is the 3 Factors that affect the pattern of Rural Settlement
- What kind of resources are found in the area?
- What transportation methods were available at the time of settlements?
- What role did the government policy play?
What used to be the greatest fishing grounds?
East Coast of Canada
