Exam Review Flashcards
Is Canada a Great Place to Live?
List The 6 Factors
-
Population: Canada Ranks roughly 35th -Smaller Population means that we do not use our resources at a fast rate.
This allows us to use our resources for trade purposes to obtain goods that we do not have.
-. -
Population Density: 3.2 People/ km squared -means that the country is quite empty.
This gives Canada the flexibility to increase our population without having a great impact.
-. -
Cropland: Canada Ranks 7th -why not higher?
This allows Canada to help sustain itself.
-. -
Fresh Water: Canada Ranks 3rd- Access to a necessity of life.
-. -
Human Development Index: Canada Ranks 5th. Measures a Combination of Wealth, Health and Education.
-. - Gender Employment: Canada Ranks 5th -Indicates Economic and Political Opportunity for Women in the Country.
What are the Major Lines of Latitude & Longitude
The major lines of Latitude is the Equator
The major lines of longitude are called prime meridian
Major Lines of Latitude & Longitude: What are they?
Definition
Lines of Latitude: Imaginary Lines that Run East and West but Measure North and South
-.
Lines of Longitude: Imaginary Lines that Run North and South but Measure East and West
What are the Six Time Zones?
- Pacific Time Zone
-. - Mountain Time Zone
-. - Central Time Zone
-. - Eastern Time Zone
-. - Atlantic Time Zone
-. - Newfoundland Time Zone (30 mins)
How do you Convert Time Zones?
P M C E A N
From Eastern Time Zone
Pacific: -3 Hours
Mountain: -2 Hours
Central: -1 Hour
Eastern: 0
Atlantic: 1 Hour
Newfound Land 1 1/2 Hours
What are the Types Of Scales?
4 (3)
- Direct Statement. EX- loan=1cm (on the map) =50km (real life)
-. - Line or Linear Scale
- A line scale is like a special ruler to use on a map
-Each space on the above scale is equivalent to 50km on the earth’s surface
-. - Representative Form EX: 1:5000000
- The RF is a ratio or fraction which shows the relationship of a distance on a map to show that on the surface of the earth
-. - Dont use, Not Important
How do you Convert Scales?
5
100,000cm=1km
Ex: RF 1:800,000. to Verbal: 1cm=8km
Ex: Verbal 1cm=8km to RF 1: 800,000
Decimal is On the right side of the number
Move the decimal to the right
What are the 9 Essentials of a Map?
- *Legend: Provides Explanation or Definition for Symbols on a Map
- Compass: Helps us Orient Ourselves
- *Scale: Helps us connect distance on a map with the real world. Also helps us interpret size of land masses
- *Title: Helps us understand The Theme of The Map
- Labels: Helps us identify the major aspects and details of the map
- *Colour: Blue for water, Makes your map aesthetically pleasing
- Date: Prior to April 1, 1999 Canadian Maps did not identify Nunavut (LEAST IMPORTANT)
- Border: Helps us designate the area
- *Grid System: Helps us locate things on a map
*= most important
What is The Tropics?
Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer
What is our Coordinate?
43 Degrees North (43*N)
What does Latitude change with?
Latitude changes with Temperature
What does Longitude change with?
Longitude changes with Time
The Prime Meridian runs through where?
The Prime Meridian runs through The Town of Greenwich, England
What is the Coordinate of The Canada/ U.S.A Border?
49 Degrees North (49*N)
Compass Rose Diagram
Check notes
How many Time Zones is there?
Since the earth rotates around its axis every 24 hours, there are 24 different Time Zones
Each Time zone is how many degrees wide?
15* Wide
Every place within a time zone has the same time, referred to as its what?
Its “Standard Time”
Large Scale Map:
Small Area, Large Detail
Small Scale Map:
Large Area, Small Detail
Review
Latitude & Longitude Diagram
From the bottom to the top
Circle With Dashes (Earth)
South Pole (90S)
Antartic Circle (66 1/2S)
Tropic Of Capricorn 23 1/2S)
-.
Equator (0) -Middle
-.
Tropic Of Cancer (23 1/2N)
Ancaster (43N)
Canada/U.S.A Border (49N)
Arctic Circle (66 1/2N)
North Pole (90*N)
From west to east, which is the correct order or Canadian cities?
Vancouver, Edmonton, Regina, Montreal
What Are The Territories Of Canada?
3
- Yukon Territory
- Northwest Territories
- Nunavut
If it is.. 8:30pm In Halifax
What time is it In… Calgary Alberta
P M C E A N
5:30PM
If it is.. 2:15PM in Hamilton
What time is it in Vancouver, BC
P M C E A N
11:15am
If it is.. 6:00pm in Quebec city
What time is it in Winnipeg, man
P M C E A N
5:00PM
If it is.. 4:00pm in Moncton, NB
What time is it in Halifax, NS
P M C E A N
4:00PM
——–If it is.. 12:45AM in St. John’s
What time is it in Victoria BC
P M C E A N
8:15PM
What are the Cities & Capitals Of The Pacific Time Zone
- Vancouver
- Victoria
- Whitehorse
What are the Cities & Capitals Of The Mountain Time Zone
- Edmonton
- Calgary
- Yellowknife
What are the Cities & Capitals Of The Eastern Time Zone
- Quebec City
- Ottawa
- Montreal
- Iquluit
- Toronto
- Ancaster
What are the Cities & Capitals Of The Atlantic Time Zone
- Charlottetown
- Cape Breton
- Fredricton
- Moncton
- Summerside
- Halifax
What are the Cities & Capitals Of The Newfoundland Time Zone
- Corner brook
- St. John’s
What is Canada’s Population
35 million-40 million (37 Million)
Provinces, Territories
Review Maping Skills
Check Notes
Define Subduction
Subduction occurs when an oceanic plate runs into a continental plate and slides beneath it.
Define Contiental Drift
Alfred Wegner’s theory states that 300 million years ago, Earth’s land masses collided to form one super continent called Pangaea, which broke apart 200 million years ago, causing continents to drift apart to their present locations.
Define Uniformatarianism
What has happened in the past is happening today and continues to happen in the future
“The present is the key to the past.”
Review Eras, Major Geological & Biological Events, Time Frames
How old is the Earth?
4.6 Billion years old
Geologic Time vs Human Time
Geologic Time: Earth is 4.6 Billion years old
Human Time: Life expectancy is between 80-85.
10,000 years in Geological Time = 91 minutes in Human Time
Who discovered Plate Tectonics?
Alfred Wegener
Who furthered Plate Tectonics?
Tuzo Wilson
What is Plate Tectonics?
Theory that states that Earth’s outer shell consists of plates that move causing Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Mountains and the Formation of New Crust
What is the Four Pieces of evidence for Plate Tectonics. How are these pieces of evidence conected to Plate Tectonics
**Summary: **
- Alfred Wegner observed the jigsaw fit of South America and Africa
- Found fossils consistent across continents
- Found mountains on both sides of the Atlantic
- Discovered ice sheets covering parts of Africa, India, Australia, and Southern America 250 million years ago.
- Wegener’s evidence supports the theory of plate tectonics by illustrating how continents have moved and changed over millions of years, shaping the Earth’s geology and climate.
What is the layers of the earth from the Outside to Inside
- Crust
- Upper Mantle
- Lower Mantle
- Outer Core
- Inner Core
What in an Important Fact for Crust
Temperature: Around 22°C
State: Solid
Oceanic crust is made up of Iron
What in an Important Fact for Mantle
(Upper Mantle)
Temperture : 1,400°C - 3,000°C
State: Liquid/Solid
Made up of Iron
(Lower Mantle)
Temperature : 3,000°C
State: Solid
Made up of Iron
What in an Important Fact for Core
(Outer Core)
Temperature: 4,000°C-6,000°C
State: Liquid
Made up of Iron
(Inner Core)
Temperature: 5,000°C-6,000°C
State: Solid
Made up of Iron
What is the Rock Cycle
Check Notes
Check Notes
What is the Diagram of Plates (How Plates Recycle)
Check Notes
Check Notes
What landform region are we in?
The Great Lakes (St Lawrence)
What are the Types of Plate Boundaries?
- Divergent Plate Boundary: This is where the plates move apart, new magma wells up to the surface, forming new crust.
- Convergent Plate Boundary: Two plates come together. Usually one of the plates subducts (goes under) the other plate, creating a subduction zone. The crust at the leading edge of the subducting plate melts back to lava.
- Transform Plate Boundary: This occurs when two plates rub against each other. This causes tremendous friction which is eventually released in the form of earthquakes.
*Hotspots: An area where magma is being released and the “volcano” is not depended on the plate movement- “an ever erupting volcano”
What are the two types of crust and describe them.
Oceanic Crust: Thin and course (Thin & Dense) found at the bottom of the ocean. It is a compact, thin and heavy crust.
Continetal Crust: Since it has been exposed to the atmosphere is bulkier (air) (Thick & Britle) and lighter than oceanic crust
What is the similarity and difference between Magma and Lava
Similarity: They are melted molten rock
Difference:
* magma is below the earth’s surface
* lava is found on the earth’s surface
What is the order for the chart (Eras). which life are they?
Cenezoic (Recent)
Mesozoic (Middle)
Palezoic (Ancient)
Precambrain (Earliest)
Label the Growing Season
Review Climate Graphs
Check Notes
What is the difference between Humidity and Relative Humidity?
Humidity simply looks at how much moisture there is.
Relative Humidity is a % of how much room is taken by the moisture
What is the Similarity and Difference between Weather & Climate? Which is easier to predict?
Similarity: Both describe meteorological (Precipitation, Temperature, etc.) conditions in the atmosphere
Difference: Climate is over a longer period of time such as a season where Weather is day to day.
Climate is easier to predict. This is because it is the average of weather. Any given day can give us a variety of weather.
LOWERN (REVIEW)
What are the Factors Affecting Climate?
10 Statements
Latitude
Ocean Currents
Winds + Air Masses (Only one that changes)
Elevation
Relief (Mountains)
Nearness to bodies of water
Climate Graph
What is the 4 steps to determine if a place is a Maritime Climate or Continental Climate?
- Average annual temp
- Total annual precipitation
- Temperature Range
- Seasonal distribution of precipitation
Close to a body of water
What Criteria does a Maritime climate place include?
4
- More Precipitation ( Over 1000mm)
- Smaller Temperature Range (Less than 25 degrees) Temperatures are more moderated or regulated
- Greater amounts of Precipitation in the Winter
Away from a body of water
What Criteria does a Continental climate place include?
4
- Less Precipitation ( Under 1000mm)
- Greater Temperature Range (Greater than 25 degrees) Temperatures are less moderated or regulated
- Greater amounts of Precipitation in the Summer
Mountain Diagram
How do you calculate Elevation?
Look at RATE OF COOLING
- Determine the Rate
- Find the Difference in Elevation
- Calculate the amount that changes
- Apply to current (Temp)
What are the 3 Types of Precipitation?
- Cyclonic or Frontal- Colliding air masses (High pressure to Low pressure): This type of precipitation is created when air masses that are different in temperature and moisture collide.
When a warm front collides with a cold front, the warm mostiure is forced to rise by the cool, dry, and denser air mass.
- Convectional: Precipitation develops as a result of the uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun.
This type of precipitation is common on hot, summer days when the heated land causes the air above it to rise by convection.
- Rainshadow Or Orographic or Relief: Precipitation that is created when an air mass rises to cross a mountain barrier.
Clouds bring moisture to one side of the mountain, cooling and releasing rain, which makes it green. The other side, dry and with little rain, is known as the rainshadow.
10 statement examples
- Foggy day in St. Johns
- Temperature change going up (Hamilton 13°C to Cancun 30°C
- Temperature change going down (Cancun 13°C to Hamilton 30°C
- Slightly warmer waters and larger amounts of precipitation lead to a stronger forest industry on the west coast
LOWERN
- Ocean Currents
- Latitude
- Winds + Air Masses
- Ocean Currents
What is the only Factor affecting climate that changes?
Winds + Air masses
Describe the Factors Affecting Climate
LOWERN
Latitude: A mesaure of how North or South you are from the equator
Ocean Currents: Anything on the coast, precipitation, creates good forest industrys, increases temp for maritime provinces, provides a track for storms, cold labrador current creates fog. Move warm or cold water across different parts of the ocean
Winds + Air Masses (Only one that changes): Wind: Horizontal movement of air over the earth’s surface caused by differences in air presssure
Air Mass: Large body of air that has the same moisture and temperature conditions throughout
High pressure systems-Cool, dry air sinking (Sunny Days)
Low pressure systems- Warm moist air rising (Precipitation)
Elevation: How high something is above a certain level (normally above sea level)
Relief (Mountains): Refers to the differences in elevation of the earth’s surface. (Usually refers to mountains)
Nearness to bodies of water: Closer to a body of water have more moderate temperatures, more precipitation
What is wind created by?
Changes in Air Pressure
What is a Front?
A Leading Edge of an Air Mass
What is Dewpoint?
As it gets cooler, evaporation decreases, condensation increases
What is Regulate/Moderate?
Not letting the High temp get to high and not letting the Low temp get too low.
A High pressure system is created by? What way does it rotate?
Cooler, drier air sinking
Clockwise
A Low pressure system is created by? What way does it rotate?
Cools, Condenses, Precipitates
Counter-Clockwise
What does Saturated mean?
The air is so full of water vapour that it is not able to hold anymore water at that temperature
What are the 3 Types of Ocean Currents?
- The Warm North Pacific Current: helps keep the west coast from getting too hot or too cold. It also brings a lot of rain, which helps trees grow big and strong.
- The Warm Gulfstream: comes from warm places and goes up the east coast, making places like Nova Scotia warmer. But it also brings storms, which is why this area can have hurricanes.
- The Cold Labrador Current: comes from the north and makes the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland cooler. When the Cold Labrador Current meets the Warm Gulfstream, it makes fog. St. John’s in Newfoundland has a lot of fog and is the foggiest city in Canada.
What is the Rate of Cooling?
Elevation drop
Before (Below) Condensation: Temperature drops -1°C for every 100m
After (Above) Condensation: Temperature drops -0.6°C for every 100m
What is Windward side?
The side that gets Rain is the Windward side
What is Leeward side?
The side that does not get rain is the Leeward Side (Rainshadow)
NM
How do you Calculate Net Migration?
(IR - ER)
(Immigration Rate - Emigration Rate)
NI
How do you Calculate Natural Increase
(BR - DR)
(Birth Rates - Death Rates)
What is the 3 Types of Pyramids & Describe them.
1. Expansive Population Pyramid
They have a much larger population of pre-reproductive and reproductive age groups. The population of Post-reproductive age groups is very less compared to the pre-reproductive and reproductive age groups. (Large at the bottom and very little at the top)
Ex: India
2. Stationary Population Pyramid
Equal population in each group. The birth and death rates are equal which means the population is neither increasing nor decreasing. There is usually not any major changes in the mortality rate and fertility rates (Equal on both sides)
Ex: America
3. Constructive Population Pyramid
The population is decreasing. There is declining birth rates, low fertility rates, hgh life expectancy, low mortality rates. The elderly and post-reproductive population is more than the pre-reproductive and reproductive population (Small and the bottom and large at the top)
Ex: Japan
What is Push/Pull Factors for Immigration
Push:
Cost of Living
Climate
“Brain Drain”
Pull:
Universal Healthcare
High standards of living
Job opportunities (Number, Quality)
Space
Peaceful
“Brain Gain”
What is 3 important categories for the Point System and explain
1. Knowledge of English or French Language (Maximum 28 Points)
Knowing English or French is important for Canada’s immigration system because it can help you score higher in the point system, find more job opportunities, and connect with communities. Speaking both languages can earn you extra points, increasing your chances of getting invited to apply for residency.
2. Education (Maximum 25 Points)
Education plays a significant role in Canada’s immigration point system. Higher levels of education can earn you more points, making you a more competitive candidate for immigration. Education not only helps with your score but also improves your job prospects and ability to adapt to life in Canada.
3. Work Experience (Maximum 15 Points)
The more relevant work experience you have, especially in skilled jobs, the more points you can earn. This experience demonstrates your ability to contribute to the Canadian economy and adapt to the workforce. Having a solid work history can significantly improve your chances of being invited to apply for permanent residency.
How many Points does a Skilled Worker need to get into Canada?
67 Points
How many Points does a Refugee need to get into Canada?
0 Points
How many Points does a Family Immigrant need to get into Canada?
0 Points
How many Points does a Potential Immigrant need to get into Canada?
67 Points (Can Vary)
Why does Canada not allow all potential immigrants to enter Canada. Why Not?
Immigration Canada balances immigrants without disrupting Canadian society. To accommodate and service immigrants, they use a point system that focuses on qualities and characteristics, aiming to identify potential immigrants who can benefit Canada’s society and economy.
What is the Point System based on?
The Point System is based on skill sets that a potential immigrant requires to be a positive contributer to Canada’s society and Economy
5
What are the Criteria to Interpret the 3 types of Pyramids?
2*
- Opening statement should state the title and type of the graph (Country and Year)
- A general statement should be written about what type of pyramid is it. (Expansive, Stationary, Constructive)
- 1 to 3 statements should be written about the male/female composition
- 1 to 3 statements should be written about the “age” compostition
- Closing statements should focus on the concerns that the population may have (Ex: more retirement homes, housing)
** A minimum of 5 statements**
Be sure to support your findings with data
*
What is one common theme in Immigration/Immigration is influenced by?
Immigration is influenced by economic conditions, with increased immigration during good economic times and decreased during poor economic times, as a strong economy creates jobs for potential immigrants.
*3
What is the Great Western Expasion?
In 1914, Canada developed “The Great Western Expansion” the strategy was to offer free land in the praries for immigrants and provide them citizenship. This worked for 3 reasons
1. Free land provided a way of life
2. World war 1 displaced many people and therefore were looking for a place to settle
3. Many Eastern Europeans were looking to escape Communism
What is a Potential Immigrant? How many points do they need?
Someone entering the country who has the legal right to immediate citizenship by virtue of the Law of Return
67 Points
What is a Family Immigrant? How many points do they need?
A family memeber that has sponsored the potential immigrant to become a family immigrant
0 Points
What is a Refugee? How many points do they need?
People who have fled war, violence, conflict or persecution and have crossed an international border to find safety in another country.
0 Points
*
The movement of people from region to another is called
Migration
*
Define Demography
Study of population numbers, distribution, trends, and issues
*
Define Population Growth
Measurement that combines both Natural Increase and Net Migration to calculate the overall growth of a country’s population (Natural Increase + Net Migration)
NI*
Define Natural Increase Rate
Difference between the Birth Rate and the Death Rate of a country (Birth Rate - Death Rate)
*
Define Net Migration Rate
Difference between people Immigrating to a country and people Emigrating from the same country (Immigration - Emigration)
Define Immigrate
To move permanetly to a country other than one’s native country
Define Emigrate
To leave your country of orgin to live permanetly in another country
Define Birth Rate
Number of births per 1000 people
Define Death Rate
Number of Deaths per 1000 people
Define Immigration Rate
Number of new canadians who have immigrated here from another country per 1000 people of Canada’s population
Define Emigration Rate
Number of people per 1000 population in one year who emigrate
*
Define Doubling Time
(Demographics) how long it would take for a countrys population to double at the countrys current rate of population growth
*
Define Rule of 70
In demographics, process whereby you divide 70 by the population growth rate to estimate how many years it will take for a country’s population to double
*
Define Dependency Load
Proportion of the population that is not in the workforce; total number of people 14 and under + 65 and over (Young and Old class)
Define Population Pyramid
Graph that depicts population distribution by age and sex (gender)
*
Define Multicultralism
The presence of many different cultures in a society
*
Define Ethnic Neighbourhoods
Parts of a city that tend to be dominated by one culture (Ex: Chinatown)
*
Define Cultural Baggage
The customs and habits immigrants still practice in the new country
*
Define Cultural Shock
The problems or issues immigrants face upon immediately entering a new country (climate)
*
Define Intervening Obstacles
Factors that discourage people from immigrating. (Ex: government, language, money, family, distance, climate)
*
Define Melting Pot
USA
Once you become an American Citizen, you are considered to be American and become part of the American Population
*
Define Cultural Mosaic
Canada
Even though we are one population, we also identify with our orgin or native country
