Unit 5 Review - Psychology Flashcards
requires effort, requires attention, process new info
effortful processing
not much attention needed, muscle memory, unconscious processing
automatic processing
leads to better recall, considers the meaning of info
deep processing
surface level, structural vs phonemic (sound), surface characteristics (sound of name and look of face)
shallow processing
selecting what we want to pay attention to the most
selective attention
like a pie chart, dividing our attention into different things
divided attention
can only “hold” 7 items in your memory
short-term memory
limitless memory
long-term memory
conscious recall (in hippocampus) (episodic and semantic memories)
explicit memory
without conscious recall (in cerebellum)
implicit memory
receiving memory with sensory inputs (iconic and echoic memory)
sensory memory
memory with something you see (not aware)
iconic memory
memory with something you hear (not aware)
echoic memory
a vivid long-lasting memory about a surprising/shocking event that has happened in the past
flashbulb memory
episodes in life
episodic memory
thinking about information repeatedly
maintenance rehearsal
rehearsal of the meaning of the information
elaborative rehearsal
remembering information with processing
encoding
why the name of something makes sense with its meaning
semantic encoding
memorizing something by breaking it down into chunks
chunking
enhance retention and memory with an idea or phrase (ROYGBIV)
mnemonic device
how people remember info in a list that is mentioned first or last
serial positioning effect
remembering the last thing said
recency
remembering the first thing said
primacy
help you remember pieces of info (the more there are, the easier it is to remember)
retrieval cues
specifically remembering info in the same place it was encoded
context dependent memory
how what we can learn in one state (of mind) will be easier to recall in the same state (leaving keys somewhere when you’re drunk –> forgetting where they are when sober –> remembering where they are when drunk again)
state dependent memory
process of bringing info from stored memories to conscious awareness
recall
noticing something you have learned before
recognition
measures how much faster someone can learn material that has been previously learned then forgotten
relearning
when it becomes harder to recall old info because of learning new info
retroactive interference
when it becomes harder to recall new info because of old info in the past
proactive interference
when someone is unable to recall their most recent memories / their general past (usually from a traumatic event)
retrograde amnesia
when someone is unable to form new memories; past memories can be recalled (not aware of this)
anterograde amnesia
repressing memories and forgetting them (conscious or unconscious) (defense mechanism)
repression
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid simulation (the strengthening of neural connections)
long-term potentiation
the process where the brain turns short-term memories into long-term memories
memory consolidation
a problem solving method which guarantees success, but takes a lot of time
algorithm
a problem solving method which tries to solve problems quickly but doesn’t guarantee success
heuristic
(supporting our beliefs) confirmation, belief perseverance, halo effect, self serving, actor-observer, attentional, anchoring, hindsight, and framing effect
biases
an obsessive drive that may or may not be acted on that involves an object, concept, or person
fixation
set, practiced ways to solve a problem
mental set
a person’s recall of an event is negatively impacted and becomes less accurate due to info after the event (studied by Elizabeth Lotus)
misinformation effect
the way a question is framed causes bias in our decisions
framing effect
made the concept of general intelligence, where everyone has their own amount of general intelligence (G factor); factor analysis: clusters of related skills
Spearman
a person’s general intelligence that can be reflected in an IQ score
G factor
made the concept of multiple intelligences: naturalist, linguistic, interpersonal, intraperitoneal, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, musical, and logical-mathematical
Gardner
a condition where someone shows exceptional ability in a single skill but limited general mental ability
savant syndrome
based on the average level of performance for a certain age (represents someone’s cognitive ability)
mental age
mental age, divided by actual age, times 100 (average=100)
IQ
a tendency to only think of an object’s most common use when there is a problem
functional fixedness
describes how the results of the IQ test have gone up over time (because of access to more resources)
Flynn effect
assesses someone’s mental aptitudes
intelligence test
tests how much could you know
aptitude test
babbling stage, one-word stage, two-word stage, telegraphic speech
speech stages
the idea that all children are born with the innate predisposition to learn language quickly
language acquisition device
