Unit 4 Review - Psychology Flashcards
repeatedly pairing an original unconditioned stimulus, which produces a reflexive unconditioned response, with a new neutral stimulus so the new stimulus can produce the same response
classical conditioning
studied the digestion of dogs (dogs drooling experiment)
Pavlov
demonstrated classical conditioning by banging a pot and showing him a bunny so he will become afraid of bunnies and start crying
Little Albert
founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior, and rejecting the study of mental process
Watson
a form of learning that occurs by watching behaviors of others
observational learning
experiment showing social learning theory –> people can learn by observing others in a social context
Bandura
a stimulus used to create a natural response for certain behaviors through classical conditioning (the food in the dog experiment)
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that used to be irrelevant, but after the unconditioned stimulus, it triggers the conditioned response (the bell in the dog experiment)
conditioned stimulus
(unlearned) naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (drooling to the dog food)
unconditioned response
a behavior that doesn’t come naturally, but is learned by a person (drooling to the bell instead of the food)
conditioned response
stimulus that gets no response before conditioning (the bell before classical conditioning with the dogs)
neutral stimulus
when the conditioned response is gotten rid of by conditioning it back to the natural response (the bell rings but the food doesn’t come, so eventually the dog will stop drooling to the bell)
extinction
recovers a response that was believed to be extinct
spontaneous recovery
having a conditioned response with all similar things (the baby crying at stuffed animal bunnies as well as living bunnies)
generalization
when we are able to differentiate between 2 different stimuli (the dogs drooling at the high pitched bell, but not the door bell)
discrimination
a method that strengthens a desired response
reinforcement
a consequence to reduce an undesirable behavior
punishment
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing
mirror neurons
knowledge that becomes clear when a person can actually use what they learned or apply it to a certain situation
latent learning
reinforcement after a certain number of responses have been emitted
fixed ratio
when a behavior is reinforced after a random number of responses
variable ratio
a set amount of time between occurrences of something like a reward
fixed interval
reward after a random amount of time (shooting star)
variable interval
we learn by observing (modeling) behaviors
model
organisms are evolutionarily predisposed to developing associations between certain stimuli and responses
biological preparedness / predisposition
training a learned behavior that wouldn’t normally occur
shaping
behavioral psychologist that trained animals in pursuit of rewards (not punishment); rewarding –> more likely to repent behavior)
Skinner
a system of operant conditioning used for behavior therapy; rewards behavior with tokens (food or free time)
token economy
