Unit 1 Review - Psychology Flashcards
“what is the mind” (by Wundt)
structuralism
studies the function of the mind, how it works (by Mary Calkins and James)
functionalism
criticized James and Wundt for not considering the “whole self”
gestalt
attempt to identify a relationship between 2 or more variables
correlation study
involves following a specific, rare case with a great deal of detail (level of detail but can’t generalize)
case study
what you’re seeing, what you’re feeling, what you’re thinking
introspection
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
behaviorism
is necessary to identify a casual relationship
experiment
involves subject self-report (quick and easy but could be biased)
survey research
examines same individuals to detect changes that could occur over a period of time (change over time but takes a long time)
longitudinal study
taking “cross-sections” of the population at one point in time (quickly get data but no change over time)
cross-sectional study
person being studied could act a different way because they know they are being studied
Hawthorne effect
research that explores questions that are of interest to psychologists, but are not meant to have immediate, real-world applications
basic research
a scientific study in psychology that focuses on solving problems, curing illnesses, and innovating new technologies
applied research
based on facts or evidence
theory
explaining how you will measure a variable so that the replication of an experiment is easier
operational definition
whatever the experimenter is manipulating
independent variable
the variable which is measured
dependent variable
an extra variable that’s not being studied that could get in the way/impact the data
confounding variable
the group receiving no treatment to help establish the cause and effect
control variable
selecting random people for research to increase the likelihood of a sample being representative
random assignment
process where participants/subjects are chosen for participating in a study, but some choices may be biased to make the experiment work better
sampling bias
the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental or control group differently because they know what the experiment is about
experimenter bias
after hearing the research findings, people have the tendency to believe that they could have figured it out
hindsight bias
measurements of “central tendencies” (mean, median, mode)
descriptive statistics
allow you to make inferences about a random group
inferential statistics
a normal curve that includes data about intelligence
normal distribution
have to know what they’re signing up for (deception is okay if absolutely necessary and explained after)
informed consent
express a relationship between 2 variables (can be positive, negative, strong, or weak)
correlation
dragged data (positive = mean > median)
skew
add all the data then divide by how many there are to find the average
mean
the number in the middle when listed out; center value in data (useful when there are outliers)
median
revealing what the study was about
debriefing
participants were told to give shocks to a person (didn’t actually give shocks, but they didn’t show that to the participant); researchers were seeing how much they would do if an “official” person told them to (unethical)
Milgram experiment
the most common number/score (useful when data is clustered)
mode
set up the first lab to study psychology in Germany and began structuralism (used introspection)
Wilhelm Wundt
wrote the first textbook about psychology and began functionalism (analyzing purpose of behavior)
William James
a social reformer dedicated to changing conditions for people who could not help themselves
Dorothea Dox
the importance of past experiences / traumas that lead to unconscious conflicts and desires
psychodynamic psychology
thinking, processing, problem solving, perceptions, storing information, and more (conscious processing)
cognitive psychology
learned observed behaviors
behavioral psychology
how humans grow / shrink with support
humanistic psychology
impacting behavior from society
social-cultural psychology
examining the natural selection having promoted certain genes
evolutionary psychology
the role of the body and its physical structures / chemicals
biological psychology
psychoanalysis (conscious and unconscious processes)
Sigmund Freud
