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Ap Classes > Unit 2 Review - Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 2 Review - Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

examines how our environment changes the way our genes are “expressed” without actually changing our DNA

A

epigenetics

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2
Q

chemicals that when exposed to a mother lead to problems with a baby

A

teratogens

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2
Q

genes that enable someone to reproduce

A

natural selection

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3
Q

debate regarding the role of genetics vs the environment

A

nature vs nurture

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4
Q

examples of teratogen effect if the mother consumes alcohol during the pregnancy, the baby will have cognitive difficulties

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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5
Q

chemical communication system, operates though glands that secrete hormones through our blood stream (hormones are produced)

A

endocrine system

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6
Q

play a huge role in human development; travel through the blood stream so slower that fast electrochemical messages of the nervous system; last longer in the nervous system –> take a while to dissipate from bloodstream (testosterone, estrogen, norepinephrine)

A

hormones

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7
Q

network of neurons; rapid signals communicate through action potential and neurons; central nervous system (brain and brain stem, “decision maker”); neurotransmitters

A

nervous system

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8
Q

make up nervous system, communicate through neurotransmitters

A

nerves

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9
Q

branch-like structures at the top of the neuron, receiving the message from the neuron before it

A

dendrites

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10
Q

dendrite, cell body, axon, axon terminal

A

neurons

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11
Q

tube where the message is sent in a neuron

A

axons

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12
Q

wave of charges or “signals” down the axon

A

action potential

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13
Q

neurons are all or none, they don’t fire only a little

A

all-or-none response

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14
Q

space between the axon terminal and the dendrite

A

synapse

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15
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increase serotonin in the synapse, agonist for serotonin (increasing)

A

SSRI

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16
Q

extra neurotransmitters; they go back up the axon terminal

A

reuptake

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17
Q

minimum amount of stimulus required to fire

A

threshold

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18
Q

serotonin, dopamine, oxytocin

A

neurotransmitters

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19
Q

decrease rate of operation (alcohol)

A

depressants

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20
Q

increase rate of operation (cocaine)

A

stimulants

21
Q

modify rate of operation (shrooms)

A

hallucinogens

22
Q

drugs that mess with your psychology (mind, body)

A

psychoactive drugs

23
Q

drug that mimics neurotransmitters, stimulating a neuron

A

agonist

24
Q

(on dendrite) blocks neurotransmitters, inhibiting a neuron

A

antagonist

25
Q

connect spinal cord to the brain, controls reflexes and basic life functions

A

brainstem

26
Q

brain is in separate hemispheres (left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa)

A

split brain principles

27
Q

structures in the brain which are responsible for memories and emotion (amygdala and hypothalamus)

A

limbic system

28
Q

brain wound

A

lesion

29
Q

uses various magnetic fields and radio waves to create an image of the brains soft tissue

A

MRI

30
Q

uses a variety of x-ray photos to create the image of a 2D slice of the brain

A

CAT

31
Q

produces an image of the electrical activity or waves in the brain

A

EEG

32
Q

can show both the physical structure and the activity / function; allowed us to gain more insight into which parts of the brain are responsible for specific tasks / abilities

A

fMRI

33
Q

use glucose to monitor which parts of the brain light up when patients are given various tasks and produces color graphics; shows metabolism by the brain - less precise than fMRI; exposure to radiation - records brain activity

A

PET

34
Q

the brain is able to form new connections (not repair neurons) and change shape because of this; adaptations of the brain

A

plasticity

35
Q

our internal clock, controlling our temperature and wakefullness in 24 hour cycles; lets us know when we feel tired and sleepy; our thinking is sharpest, with memory being the most accurate when at our peak in circadian arousal

A

circadian rhythm

36
Q

the actual remembered storyline in a dream

A

manifest content

37
Q

underlying meaning of the dream

A

latent content

38
Q

vivid dreams occur, brain waves become rapid (beta waves); increase heart rate / breathing, rapid eye movements (NREM-1 –> NREM-2 –> NREM-3 –> REM –> Restart) (waking up during REM sleep can cause sleep paralysis)

A

REM sleep

39
Q

auditory and speech interpretation (understand language)

A

Wernicke’s area

40
Q

movement for speaking (talking / responding)

A

Broca’s area

41
Q

auditory, near ears; auditory cortex (hearing); facial recognition

A

temporal lobe

42
Q

part of the brain for planning, judgement, impulsiveness, speaking, personality traits; motor cortex (movement); sensory cortex (feeling, deals with the senses)

A

frontal lobe

43
Q

visual areas; visual cortex (seeing)

A

occipital lobe

44
Q

brain will develop specialized clumps for various purposes (adapts)

A

association areas

45
Q

structure in the back of the brain; responsible for coordinating muscle movements

A

cerebellum

46
Q

our spines contain a “gate” which allows or inhibits path signals from actually researching the brain; pain receptors activate small nerve fibers to open the “gate”; touch receptors partially block the “gate”

A

gate-control theory

47
Q

the “master gland” in the endocrine system; sends out messages (controlled by hypothalamus)

A

pituitary gland

48
Q

movement

A

motor cortex

49
Q

top of brain, part of the parietal lobe, behind motor cortex; processes sensory info

A

sensorineural cortex

50
Q

the primary “structure” in the endocrine system, oversees the release of hormones and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

51
Q

center of emotion and motivation; responsible for fear responses and learning out of fearful situations; involved in regulation of memory consolidation or turning a memory into a long-term memory; been linked to sexual agressive behavior and anxiety

A

amygdala

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