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ANAT + PHYS (9610) > UNIT 5: Nasal and Oral Cavities > Flashcards

UNIT 5: Nasal and Oral Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

the nasal cavity has ____ and _____ components, and is lined with _____. It is a large cavity divided into 2 _______ by _____

A

bony and cartilaginous
ciliated mucous membrane

slit like spaces by septum

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2
Q

what are the 5 boundaires of the nasal cavity

A

anterior
posterior
superior
inferior
lateral

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3
Q

anterior boundary of the nasal cavity is the

A

nostrils

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4
Q

posterior boundary of the nasal cavity is the

A

choanae

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5
Q

superior boundary of the nasal cavity is the

A

nasal bones, frontal bone, ethmoid

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6
Q

inferior boundary of the nasal cavity is the

A

maxilla and palatine bones

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7
Q

lateral boundary of the nasal cavity is the

A

maxilla and palatine bones (+ conchae (from ethmoid and inferior nasal conchae))

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8
Q

describe the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

A

irregular, 3 scroll-shaped nasal conchae (or nasal turbinates)

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9
Q

describe the medial wall of the nasal cavity

A

smooth, bony posteriorly, cartilaginous anteriorly

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10
Q

olfactory bulb (where olfactory nerve fibres synapse) sits right on top of

A

cribriform plate (of ethmoid bone)

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11
Q

describe the paranasal air sinuses

A
  • hollow cavities lined by mucous membrane; extensions of nasal cavity
  • located in front, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary bones
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12
Q

what is the nose comprised of

A

alar cartilage, muscle, epithelium

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13
Q

what are the lips comprised of

A

muscle, mucous membrane, epithelium

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14
Q

describe the buccal cavity, boundaries?

A

smallest cavity
bw lips and cheek and gums
includes superior/inferior labial frenulum
opening of parotid duct

boundaries:
lips, cheesk, teeth and gingiva, retromolar trigone

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15
Q

frenulum

A

mucosal fold

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16
Q

what are the 4 boundaries of the oral cavity

A

teeth and gingiva
floor (tongue)
hard palate
faucial pillars

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17
Q

what are the two functions of the palate

A

controls degree of coupling bw the nasal cavity and vocal tract during speech… aka seals the pharynx and nasal cavity for sounds (looser seal)

seals off the nasal cavity during swallowing (tighter seal)

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18
Q

what are the two parts of the palate

A

bony anterior - hard palate
muscular posterior - soft palate aka velum

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19
Q

hard palate is formed by the fusion of 4 bones…

A

maxillary bone - 2 palatine processes are fused at midline

palatine bone - 2 horizontal plates are fused at midline and anteriorly w palatine processes of maxillae

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20
Q

the hard palate is covered w ….

A

mucosa that is tightly bound to bones

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21
Q

describe the mucous covering the hard palate

A

stratified squamous epithelium and submucosal mucous glands

anterior portion has 3-4 folds - rugae

midline ridge or raphe marks line of fusion

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22
Q

describe the soft palate

A

mobile muscular structure

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23
Q

the soft palate has an anterior attachment to free border of _____ ______ via _____ _______, forms the …

A

palatine bones
via palatal aponeurosis

forms the soft core of the soft palate, which is covered by muscles and mucosa

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24
Q

posterior edge of the soft palate is….

A

“free” - uvula hangs inferiorly

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25
Q

the soft palate at rest allows for communication bw ….

A

nasal cavity and vocal tract

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26
Q

on contraction the soft palate allows for ….

A

velopharyngeal closure or retro-oral seal

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27
Q

what are the two elevators of the soft palate

A

levator veli palatini
musculus uvulae

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28
Q

levator veli palatini: O, I, A, Inn

A

O = petrous portion of temporal bone; inferior aspect of cartilaginous eustachian tube
I = palatine aponeurosis (superior aspect)
A = elevates soft palate
Inn = pharyngeal branch of CN X thru the pharyngeal plexus; possibly CN XI

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29
Q

Musculus uvulae: O, I, A, Inn

A

O = posterior nasal spine of palatine bones; palatine aponeurosis
I = mucous membrane at inferior end of uvula
A = may play a role in soft palate elevation, inc bulk on nasal surface of palate for velopharyngeal closure
Inn = pharyngeal branch of CN X via the pharyngeal plexus; possibly spinal accessory nerve (XI)

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30
Q

the tensor veli palatini has 2 portions:

A

1 - flat, triangular tendon
2 - muscular portion

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31
Q

tensor veli palatini: O, I, A, Inn

A

O = scaphoid fossa of sphenoid, spine of sphenoid (next to foramen spinosum), and lateral cartilaginous walls of eustachian tube
I = tendon that hooks around hamulus of medial pterygoid plate to insert into the palatine aponeurosis and palatine bones
A = flattens and tense soft palate; opens eustachian tube during yawning and swallowing
Inn = CN V

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32
Q

what are the two depressors of the soft palate

A

palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus

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33
Q

what does the palatoglossus form

A

palatoglossal arch

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34
Q

palatoglossus: O, I, A, Inn

A

O = inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis
I = transverse and posteriolateral muscular portion of tongue
A = lifts tongue and pulls backward, depresses soft palate; constricts the posterior limits of the oral cavity (constricts the isthmus)
Inn = pharyngeal branch of CN X via the pharyngeal plexus; possibly spinal accessory nerve

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35
Q

palatopharyngeus forms the

A

palatopharyngeal arch

36
Q

palatopharyngeus: O, I, A, Inn

A

O = palatine raphe (aponeurosis)
I = posterior border of thyroid cartilage, inferior portion of pharynx
A = lifts the pharynx and larynx, directs bolus into pharynx during swallowing; pulls soft palate down
Inn = pharyngeal branch of CN X via the pharyngeal plexus; possibly spinal accessory nerve

37
Q

Structures of the face and neck in the human embryo are derived from a series of ….

A

arches, clefts, pouches

38
Q

arches and clefts arise externally at the _____ end of the embryo around the _________

A

anterior
upper end of the foregut (primitive pharynx)

39
Q

pouches arise ______ - are the ______ partners of the external clefts

A

internally
internal

40
Q

arches _____ dev in humans, but arch ___ disappears during dev

A

1-6
5

41
Q

each arch is lined with _____ internally and _____ externally… _____ and ____ in between

A

endoderm (resp and gastro sys) and ectoderm (skin and NS) ….mesoderm and neural crest cells in bw

42
Q

bw consecutive arches, ectoderm and endoderm move closer together, which form… ____ appear in the ectoderm, _____appear in the endoderm

A

pharyngeal clefts and pouches

clefts
pouches

43
Q

_____ arches are clearly visible on lateral human embryo; well dev by start of __ week of dev

A

4 (1-4 arches)
4th week

44
Q

the 4 arches surround the….

A

primitive pharynx aka foregut

45
Q

each arch gives rise to 4 components:

A

muscular
cartilaginous/skeletal
nervous
vascular

46
Q

mesoderm in the arches forms into

A

vasculature and musculature

47
Q

ectoderm in the arches forms the

A

NS derivatives, skin, bones, cartilage

48
Q

the 1st arch is the

A

mandibular arch

49
Q

what are the 2 components of the 1st arch (mandibular)

A

maxillary process
mandibular process

50
Q

the maxillary process of the 1st arch forms the…

A

upper jaw, plays a major role in forming the upper part of the face

51
Q

the mandibular process of the 1st arch forms the…

A

lower jaw, by fusing w the mandibular process from the other side of the pharyngeal apparatus

52
Q

what are the nerve, muscle, skeletal components of the 1st arch (mandibular)

A

nerve = trigeminal CN V

muscle = muscles of mastication; anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini

skeletal = malleus, incus, mandible

53
Q

the 2nd arch is called the

A

hyoid arch

54
Q

the 2nd arch (hyoid) has what nerve, muscle, and skeletal components

A

nerve = facial CN VII

muscle = of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius

skeletal = stapes, styloid process, lesser cornu of hyoid, upper part of body of hyoid

55
Q

what are the nerve, muscle, skeletal, vasculature components of arch 3

A

nerve = glossopharyngeal CN IX

Muscle = stylopharyngeus

skeletal = greater cornu of hyoid, lower part fo body of hyoid

vasculature = common carotid artery

56
Q

what are the nerve, muscle, skeletal, vasculature components of arch 4

A

nerve = vagus X - Xph

muscle = palate, pharynx, cricothyroid

skeletal = thyroid, arytenoids, cricoid, corniculate, cuneiform, epiglottis (same as 6)

vasculature = arch of aorta, pulmonary arteries (same as 6)

57
Q

what are the nerve, muscle, skeletal, vasculature components of arch 6

A

nerve = vagus X - RLN

muscle = intrinsic muscles of larynx

skeletal = thyroid, arytenoids, cricoid, corniculate, cuneiform, epiglottis (same as 4)

vasculature = arch of aorta, pulmonary arteries (same as 4)

58
Q

what is the buccopharyngeal membrane?

A

membrane lies bw 1st arches, below the rapidly dev head of the embryo

59
Q

the buccopharyngeal membrane separates the _____ from the external enviro of the embryo

A

primitive pharynx (aka foregut)

60
Q

the buccopharyngeal membrane _____ around day 24 - results in the formation of the _______

A

ruptures
stomodeum (primitive mouth)

61
Q

the buccopharyngeal membrane rupturing allows for…

A

amniotic fluid to circulate thru embryo, and begins the dev of the pharyngeal apparatus and the formation of the face and neck

62
Q

upper part of the face, nose and palate are formed by the _______ and the ______ of the __ arch

A

frontonasal process and maxillary processes of the 1st arch

63
Q

to form the face, maxillary processes grow ….

A

forward and fuse w the downward growing frontonasal process

64
Q

the line of fusion during the forming of the face is where?

A

from medial eye, down the lateral margin of the nose, along the phitral ridges of the upper lip

65
Q

philtrum, columella, nasal alae, nasal septum are derived from the

A

frontonasal process

66
Q

how does the nose start to form?

A

two thickenings on frontonasal process - called nasal placodes

67
Q

as the nasal placodes continue to grow, they become more depressed and are called

A

nasal pits

68
Q

tissue around the nasal pits form…

A

medial and lateral nasal folds

69
Q

nasal pits deepen to form ______, ______ ruptures eventually, which establishes …

A

nasal sacs
nasal placodes

establishing communication bw external environment and common oronasal cavity (no palate yet)

70
Q

the frontonasal process grows into the area bw the nasal pits, which forms the

A

primary palate and nasal septum

71
Q

at the end of dev the primary palate forms…

A

a triangular section of the hard palate - contains the front 4 maxillary teeth (inscisors), and ends at incisive fossa

72
Q

primary palate is also called the

A

premaxilla

73
Q

what are the palatine shelves

A

projections on the medial aspect of each maxillary process, grow horizontally

74
Q

the palatine shelves are forced to grow…

A

downward due to position of dev tongue

75
Q

as the mandible grows, ____ moves out of the way, ____ re-orient into horizontal position

A

tongue
shelves

76
Q

fusion of the palate begins near the ______ of the shelves and proceeds ______ and _____, which forms _____

A

middle portion
anteriorly and posteriorly
midline raphe

77
Q

anterior end of the palate fuses w the

A

primary palate of the frontonasal process

78
Q

posterior end of the fusion line of the palate is where the _____ is

A

uvula

79
Q

________ grows downward from base of skull and fuses w the superior surface of the palatine shelves

A

nasal septum

80
Q

fusion of the palate is completed by ____ week, anterior portion becomes _____ to become the _____ and posterior to nasal septum becomes ______ aka the ______

A

9th
ossified, hard palate
fibromuscular, soft palate

81
Q

clefts =

A

deficits in fusion

82
Q

clefts can occur

A

along any line of fusion

83
Q

cleft lip

A

along philtrum, fusion bw maxillary process and frontonasal process

bilateral (both sides affected) or unilateral (one side affected)

84
Q

cleft palate =

A

fusion bw palatine processes of maxillary process

85
Q

what are two clefts we dont often see?

A

mandibular or facial clefts

FNP and arch 1 didn’t fuse… rare bc of survival rate

Mandibular cleft would be right in the midline bc that’s where it fuses w other thing

86
Q

Submucous cleft palate

A

mucosa has fused in the midline but it is hiding a bony cleft palate underneath – diagnosed w feeling the palate, can also shine a light in the nose and see translucency

ANAT + PHYS (9610) (16 decks)

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