UNIT 3: Skeletal Framework and Viscera Flashcards
what are the 3 cavities of respiration
thorax, abdomen, diaphragm
thorax
cavity created by the ribcage
abdomen
space containing the organs of digestion
diaphragm
separates thorax from abdomen - contraction expands vertical dimension of thorax
the bony thorax includes
the sternum and ribs
the axial skeleton includes
vertebral column
the appendicular skeleton includes
pectoral and pelvic girdles
functional unit of the vertebral column is the
vertebra, aka a vertebrae
what are the 5 divisions of the vertebral column
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
cervical vertebra have ____ vertebrae and are located ____ and the shape of the spine is _____
7, C1 to C7, concave
Thoracic vertebra have ____ vertebrae and are located ____ and the shape of the spine is _____
12, T1-T12, convex
Lumbar vertebra have ____ vertebrae and are located ____ and the shape of the spine is _____
5, L1-L5, concave
sacral vertebra have ____ vertebrae and are located ____ and the shape of the spine is _____
5 fused, sacrum, convex
Coccygeal vertebra have ____ vertebrae and are located ____
3-4 fused, coccyx
intervertebral discs…
sit bw the vertebra and act like cushions
the vertebral foramen is where
the spinal cord passes thru
the body of a cervical vertebrae connects to
the body of other cervical vertebra
the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae are for
muscle and ligament attachment
the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae allow for
the vertebral artery to pass thru
the spinous process of the cervical vertebra is for
posterior muscles and ligament attachment
what do facets of the cervical vertebra do
they are like part of a joint, a flat surface or slight depression that allows for another bone to come into contact
the superior articular facet of cervical vertebra connects to
the vertebra above
the inferior articular facet of the cervical vertebra connects to
the vertebra below
the intervertebral foramina is for
spinal nerves to exit/enter
how is C1 special?
- aka the atlas
- skull rests on C1 (large superior articular facets)
- large vertebral foramen (for all the fibers leaving the skull)
- small spinous process
what does the joint of C1’s superior articular facets and the skull allow for?
nodding of the head
how is C2 special?
- aka the axis
- large spinous process
- odontoid process
what does the odontoid process of C2 do?
acts as a pivot for rotation of the skull
the superior, inferior, and transverse costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae connect to the
ribs
the body or corpus of the lumbar vertebrae are for
attachement point for diaphragm
the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae is for
connection to the muscles of the abdomen and back
the spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae is for
connection for the muscles of the back
the pectoral girdle includes the
scapula and clavicle
the scapula and clavicle are
- the attachment point for the arm
- only connected to sternum
clavicle articulates with
sternum
scapula articulates with
clavicle
pelvic girdle includes
ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, ischium
the illium, sacrum, pubic bone, and ischium all serve as
attachment points for lower extremities to the vertebral column
the manubrium of the sternum serves as
the attachment site for the clavicle and 1st rib
the body of the sternum serves as
the attachment point for ribs 2-7
what is the xiphoid/ensiform process of the sternum
a plate of hyaline cartilage that ossifies at approx age 40
the manubrosternal angle of the sternum is what
fibrocartilage joint that acts as a hinge
how many ribs are there
12 pairs
how do the sizes of the ribs differ
smaller at the top and bottom, middle ribs are the largest
how are the ribs angled
the ribs angle forward at the angle of the rib and downward towards the sternum
What are the general features of the ribs
head
neck
angle
tubercle
shaft
chondral end (costal cartilage)
the costal cartilage of the rib attaches to
the sternum
the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae via
the head and tubercle of the rib
how does the rib attach to the thoracic vertebra?
- ribs 2-9 attaches to thoracic vertebra w the same number (n) and with another rib (n-1)
- ex. Rib 3 attaches to superior costal facet and transverse costal facet of T3 and inferior coastal facet of T2
how is rib 1 different in how it attaches to the vertebral column
attaches to T1 only (no T vertebra above)
how are ribs 10, 11, 12 different in how they attache to the vertebral column
only have one facet and attach to the vertebra of the same number
what are true ribs
1-7
attach directly to sternum at chondral end via costal cartilage
what are false ribs
8-10
chondral portion of rib runs superiorly to sternum, joining the costal cartilage above it (common cartilage)
what are floating ribs
11 & 12
articulate only w vertebral column
how is cervical spine surgery important to SLPs
may have a patient w this surgery - surgery from the back is risky because the spinal cord is in the way - less risky to come from the side, but that means that the need to move the larynx out of the way… and they leave behind some hardware in the spine which ends up being next to he pharynx, can cause changes to the space available for swallowing
how can abnormalities in spine curvature affect us?
- too much convexity - kyphosis
- too much concave in lumbar region during pregnancy leads to shortness of breath (lordosis)
- scoliosis is asymmetry, means one side cant expand properly
what are the 2 zones of the visceral thorax
conducting zone, respiratory zone
the conducting zone is
- passageways that carry air to respiratory zone
- includes structures in the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract includes
larynx (below vocal folds), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
upper respiratory tract includes
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx (above vocal folds)
the respiratory zone is
- distal end of the lower respiratory tract - location of gas exchange
- includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
what are the main 2 features of the trachea
- strong flexible tube
- tracheal wall
what are the 3 layers of the tracheal wall (superficial to deep)
mucous membrane, submucosa, adventitia
the mucous membrane of the trachea has what features
- beating cilia propel mucous superiorly
- elastin allows trachea to stretch during inhalation and recoil during exhalation
- mucosa is sensitive to irritants (sensory stimulation evokes cough reflex)
the submucosa membrane of the trachea does what
houses glands that produce mucous
the adventitia layer of the trachea does what
CT outer layer that contains the cartilaginous rings (which are more like C shapes)
how is the trachea supported by cartilage
-16 to 20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
- rings are open posteriorly - trachealis muscle sits in this space, contraction shortens and dec diameter of the trachea (ex. coughing or sneezing)
the trachea divides into
2 mainstem or primary bronchi … point of bifurcation is called the carina
the carina is
the point where the trachea separates into the 2 primary bronchi - last place foreign material can be stopped before lungs
what is the order of the bronchi
mainstem or primary bronchi
lobar or secondary bronchi
segmental or tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
describe mainstem/primary bronchi
- each mainstem brochus enters lung thru medial depression called the hilum
- right mainstem bronchus is more vertical, wider and shorter (aspiration will go to right lung sooner)
describe the lobar or secondary bronchi
- 3 on right, 2 on left
- to each lobe of the lung
describe segmental/tertiary bronchi
- 10 on right, 8 on left
- to each segment of each lobe
describe the bronchioles
- <1mm diameter
- repeated divisions results in gradually smaller passageways
- conducting zone ends w terminal bronchioles (<0.5mm)
what changes anatomically as the bronchi gets smaller?
-cartilaginous rings become smaller irregular plates or cartilage, eventually disappear
- cilia and mucous-producing cells disappear
what are the 3 components of the respiratory zone
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli, arranged in clusters or sacs
describe alveoli
- region of gas exchange in the lungs (300 mill)
- thin outer membrane permeable to O2 and CO2 covered w extensive dense capillary bed
what does the membrane of the alveoli consist of?
- type 1 cells for gas exchange
- type 2 cells that produce surfactant (dec surface tension, prevent collapse of alveoli during respiration)
what does the extensive capillary bed of an alveoli allow for?
small blood volume to be spread over very large alveolar surface area for gas exchange
how are the lungs organized
- right = 3 lobes
- left = 2 lobes and cardiac notch
- each lobe is divided into a number of bronchopulmonary segments (10 on R, 8 on L)
what is the pleurae of the lungs?
- a double layered membrane that encloses the lungs
- outer layer and inner layer
- each layer is one continuous sheet of serous membrane, folds back on itself at the hilum
Outer layer of the pleurae of the lungs lines…
internal surface of thoracic cavity, superior surface of diaphragm, and lateral surface of the mediastinum (parietal pleura)
Inner layer of the pleurae of the lungs adheres to…
the external surface of the lung (visceral pleura)
what is the pleural cavity?
potential space bw parietal and visceral pleurae filled w serous pleural fluid, allows layers to glide upon each other for friction free interaction bw ribcage and lungs
what are the 2 functions of the pleural fluid?
- holds parietal and visceral pleura together, lungs cling to thoracic wall and move with it
- lubricates allowing the lungs to slide across the thoracic wall
describe the notochord in axial skeleton dev
- develops into the notochordal canal, which is eventually the vertebral canal
- signals the tissue around the neural tube to begin ossifying to form vertebrae
when do the vertebrae of the axial skeleton begin ossifying? when does it end?
7th week of dev
continues into adulthood
what type of tissue is the ribcage in dev?
begins as cartilage and ossifies in fetal period - not fully ossified due to chondral ends
when does the respiratory system begin to dev?
4th week of embryonic period
The ____ tube develops in the endoderm. The tube elongates into ____ buds, which will develop into lungs. This tube will also develop into the _____ and ____.
- Laryngotracheal
- bronchial
- larynx
- trachea
Trachea will grow from ___ to ___ in adulthood.
4cm to 13 cm
Lungs mature in what 4 stages
- pseudoglandular
- canalicular
- terminal saccular
- alveolar
describe the pseudoglandular stage of lung dev
- weeks 5-17
- all structures of lungs dev except alveoli
- respiration isnt possible
describe the canalicular stage of lung dev
- weeks 16 to 25
- bronchioles enlarge
- lung tissue becomes vascularized
- at 25 weeks, infant reaches area of viability (alveoli in place)
describe the terminal saccular stage of lung dev
- weeks 24/25 to late fetal
- terminal saccules dev (will become alveoli)
- saccules are lined with surfactant (keeps alveoli inflated)
describe the alveolar stage of lung dev
- late fetal to 8 years
- at birth 25 mill alveoli, only 5% mature/functional
- alveoli mature thru 3 years
- adult hood = 300 mill alveoli
what is a tracheotomy
surgical incision at 2nd or 3rd tracheal rings
what is a tracheostomy? what is it used for?
- opening that allows for tracheostomy tube to be inserted directly into trachea - used to bipass upper resp obstruction
- may be used w ventilator is hypoxic (low O2) or hypercapnic (high CO2)
what is pneumothorax
- air in the pleural space resulting from trauma
- may interrupt pleural linkage, and lead to collapse of lung
