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ANAT + PHYS (9610) > UNIT 3: Muscles of Respiration > Flashcards

UNIT 3: Muscles of Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what is pressure?

A

force exerted on walls of a chamber by gas molecules

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2
Q

at rest what is the pressure inside the thoracic cavity the same as?

A

atmospheric pressure

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3
Q

pressure = ____/_____, therefore…

A

force over area, as area inc pressure dec, as area dec pressure inc

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4
Q

positive pressure in the thoracic chamber means it is ___ than atmospheric pressure

A

greater

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5
Q

negative pressure in the thoracic chamber means it is ___ than atmospheric pressure

A

less

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6
Q

according to boyle’s law, increasing the volume of the thorax/lungs and will ___and will lead to …

A

dec intrathoracic pressure, air being drawn into the lungs (to equalize pressure w atmosphere)

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7
Q

according to boyle’s law, decreasing the volume of the thorax/lungs and will ____ ___and will lead to …

A

inc intrathoracic pressure, air will move out of the lungs (to equalize w atmosphere)

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8
Q

what are the 3 planes of thoracic volume change?

A

vertical
transverse (bucket handle)
anterior-posterior (pump handle)

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9
Q

describe vertical thoracic volume change

A
  • inc primarily due to contraction of the diaphragm
  • elevation of manubrium and 1st rib may also inc vertical dimension
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10
Q

describe transverse thoracic volume change

A
  • “bucket handle” - up and out
  • inc w elevation of ribs afforded by accessory muscles
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11
Q

describe anterior-posterior thoracic volume change

A
  • “pump handle”
  • inc w elevation of ribs via accessory muscles
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12
Q

what are the 2 types of inspiration?

A

quiet (rest) and forced (inc oxygen needs)

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13
Q

quiet inspiration (active passive?, muscles?)

A
  • requires muscle activation
  • diaphragm is most important, does most of the work of quiet inspiration
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14
Q

forced inspiration (active passive?, muscles?)

A
  • requires muscle activation
  • accessory muscles
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15
Q

two types of expiration

A

quiet expiration, forced expiration

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16
Q

quiet expiration (active passive?, muscles?)

A
  • involves passive forces only (no active forces)
  • gravity pulls ribs back to rest
  • elasticity: when lungs are stretched by inc thoracic volume they will return to original shape and size when released
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17
Q

forced expiration (active passive?, muscles?)

A

requires muscles activation + passive forces

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18
Q

how many attachment points do skeletal muscles often have?

A

2

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19
Q

muscle fibres pull ___ their origin, moving the ____ point closer to the _____

A

toward, insertion, origin

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20
Q

what are the 3 primary muscles of inspiration

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals
  • interchondral portion of internal intercostals
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21
Q

describe the diaphragm

A
  • only unpaired muscle of respiration
  • separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
  • participates in quiet inspiration and forced inspiration
  • contraction inc volume of thorax in vertical dimension
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22
Q

where does the diaphragm attach?

A

vertebrae via crura (right crus and left crus)

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23
Q

what is the central tendon of the diaphragm?

A
  • leaf shaped aponeurosis
  • striated muscle fibers that surround central tendon
  • provides floor for mediastinal organ
  • compresses abdominal structures cyclically during respiration
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24
Q

what are the 3 hiatuses of the diaphragm?

A
  • aortic hiatus
  • esophageal hiatus
  • foramen vena cava
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25
Q

what is the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm for?

A

houses the descending abdominal aorta

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26
Q

what is the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm for?

A

houses esophagus

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27
Q

what is the foramen vena cava of the diaphragm for?

A

inferior vena cava

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28
Q

diaphragm is shaped like

A

an inverted bowl

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29
Q

where does the diaphragm originate

A
  • thoracic ribs inner surface
  • xiphoid process
  • upper lumbar vertebra via crura
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30
Q

where does the diaphragm have its insertion point

A

central tendon

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31
Q

The diaphragm increases the

A

vertical dimension of the thorax

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32
Q

The diaphragm is innervated by the

A

phrenic nerve

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33
Q

where does the phrenic nerve originate?

A

cervical plexus from C3, C4, C5 bilaterally

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34
Q

the phrenic nerve descends through the _____ into _______ space on left and right sides of the ______

A

neck
mediastinal space
heart

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35
Q

The phrenic nerve mediates ______ for the _____

A

both sensory and motor info for the diaphragm

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36
Q

the external intercostals are in the area of _______ and they keep the space between the ____ constant

A

costal cartilages
ribs

37
Q

the external intercostals have ___ muscles running between ___ ribs

A

11, 12

38
Q

where do the external intercostals originate?

A

inferior surface of each rib

39
Q

where do the external intercostals have their insertion point?

A

superior surface of rib below

40
Q

What is the action of the external intercostals?

A

raise ribs (up and out), elevate ribcage

41
Q

what is the innervation of the external intercostals? (** not 100% i need to know this)

A

intercostal nerves

42
Q

what are the 2 portions of the internal intercostals and where are they?

A
  • interchondral - bw costal cartilages
  • interosseuous - bw bony portion of ribs
43
Q

are external intercostals involved in expiration or inspiration?

A

inspiration

44
Q

are internal intercostals involved in expiration or inspiration?

A

muscles of expiration EXCEPT…. the interchondral portion are active during inspiration

45
Q

where do the interchondral portion of the internal intercostals originate

A

inferior surface of rib above (from costochondral junction to sternum)

46
Q

where do the interchondral portion of the internal intercostals have their insertion point

A

superior surface of rib below

47
Q

what is the action of the interchondral portion of the internal intercostals

A

elevate ribs

48
Q

what is the innervation of the interchondral portion of the internal intercostals (***not 100% i need to know this)

A

intercostal nerves

49
Q

what do accessory muscles do in forced inspiration?

A

inc the volume of the thoracic cavity in anterior-posterior and transverse dimensions (uses the dorsal thorax, neck, arm/shoulder)

50
Q

3 main muscles (or muscle groups) of forced inspiration

A

-levatores costarum (brevis and longis)
- serratus posterior superior
- erector spinae (sacrospinal muscles)

51
Q

what are the 3 bundles of the erector spinae (sacrospinal muscles)?

A
  • lateral bundle
  • intermediate bundle
  • medial bundle
52
Q

levatores costarum brevis: origin, insertion, action , innervation (*)

A
  • transverse processes of C7-T11
  • tubercle on rib below (fibres run down and out)
  • elevate rib cage
  • intercostal nerves
53
Q

levatores costarum longis: origin, insertion, action , innervation (*)

A
  • transverse processes of vertebrae T7-T10
  • Skips a rib, attaches to tubercle on next rib
  • elevate rib cage
  • intercostal nerves
54
Q

serratus posterior superior: origin, insertion, action , innervation (*)

A
  • spinous processes of C7-T3
  • just beyond angle of ribs 2 thru 5
  • elevates ribs
  • intercostal nerves
55
Q

What do the erector spinae muscles do? where do they arise from? lumbar and thoracic region are covered by?

A
  • stabilize the vertebral column and rib cage
  • arise from tendon of sacral crest, lumbar vertebrae, and lower ribs
  • thoracolumbar fascia
56
Q

The lateral (iliocosto) bundle of the erector spinae muscles has 3 parts, and what are their origins and insertions? What is their action? what is their innervation?

A

iliocostalis lumborum
- sacral crest
- angles of ribs 6-12
iliocostalis thoracis
- sacral crest
- angle of ribs 1-6
iliocostalis cervicis
- ribs 3-6
- vertebrae C4-C6

action: stabilize and move vertebral column (lateral)
inn: cervicall, thoracic, lumbar nerves

57
Q

The intermediate (longissimus) bundle of the erector spinae muscles has 3 parts, and what are their origins and insertions? What is their action? what is their innervation?

A

longissimus thoracis
- sacral crest
- transverse processes of T1-T12

longissimus cervicis
- T1-T5 vertebrae
- C2-C6 vertebrae

longissimus capitis
- C1-C5 vertebrae
- mastoid process of temporal bone

action: stabilize and move vertebral column
inn: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar nerves

58
Q

The medial (spinalis) bundle of the erector spinae muscles has 3 parts, and what are their origins and insertions? What is their action? what is their innervation?

A

spinalis thoracis
- T11, T12, L1-L3
- T1-T8

spinalis cervicis
- Nuchal ligament and C7
- C2 vertebra

spinalis capitis
- T1-T6, C4-C7
- nuchal line of skull

action: stabilize and move vertebral column
inn: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar nerves

59
Q

what are the 2 muscles of inspiration in the neck?

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)
60
Q

sternocleudomastoid: origin, insertion, action, and innervation

A
  • mastoid process of temporal bone
  • sternum and clavicle
  • bilateral contraction elevates sternum, thus ribcage
  • cervical spinal nerves and CN XI
61
Q

scalenes: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • transverse process of C2-C7
  • Upper surfaces of 1st and 2nd ribs
  • elevates the ribs
  • cervical plexus and branchial plexus
62
Q

what are the 7 muscles of inspiration in the arm/shoulder?

A

pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
subclavius
levator scapulae
rhomboids (major and minor)
trapezius

63
Q

pectoralis major: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • humerus
  • clavicle, sternum, cartilages of ribs (2-6), aponeurosis of external oblique muscles
  • w arm fixed it pulls sternum and ribs upward during forced inspiration
  • brachial plexus
64
Q

pectoralis minor: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • outer surfaces of ribs 3-5
  • coracoid process of scapula
  • w scapula fixed it elevates ribs 3-5
  • branchial plexus
65
Q

serratus anterior: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • 8/9 upper ribs
  • vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
  • w scapula fixed, elevates upper ribs
    brachial plexus
66
Q

subclavius: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • inferior surface of clavicle
  • 1st rib at costochondral junction
  • elevates first rib
  • brachial plexus
67
Q

levator scapulae: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • transverse proceses of C1-C4
  • Superior vertebral border of scapula
  • elevates and steadies scapula
  • cervical spinal nerves
68
Q

rhomboids: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • spinous processes of C7-T1 (minor) and T2-T5 (Major)
  • vertebral border of scapula
  • elevates, adducts, and steadies scapula
  • cervical spinal nerves
69
Q

trapezius: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line of occipital bone (skull)
  • clavicle and scapula
  • maintains trunk stability for respiration
  • CN XI and cervical spinal nerves
70
Q

when are the muscles of expiration active?

A

only during forced expiration … quiet expiration (or breathing at rest) is a passive phenomenon

71
Q

during forced expiration: contraction of deep ____ muscles dec anterior-posterior and transverse dimensions

A

thoracic

72
Q

during forced expiration: contraction of ____ muscles dec superior-inferior (vertical) dimension of the thorax

A

abdominal/back

73
Q

what are the 4 muscles of expiration in the deep thorax?

A

internal intercostals
innermost intercostals
subcostals
transversus thoracis

74
Q

internal intercostals: what are they deep to, origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • deep to external-intercostal muscle layer of the thorax
  • superior surface of rib
  • inferior surface of rib above
  • depress ribs
    -intercostal nerves
75
Q

describe the innermost intercostals

A
  • deepest muscle layer of thorax; run parallel w internal intercostals (same origin/insertion/action/innervation)
  • poorly developed
  • depress ribs
76
Q

subcostals: depth, origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • deep muscle of thorax, same depth as innermost intercostals
  • inner surface of rib below (near vertebral column)
  • inner surface of rib just above
  • pull ribs downward
  • thoracic nerves
77
Q

transversus thoracis: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • inner surface of sternum and costal cartilages 5-7
  • inner surface of costal cartilages and adjacent ribs 2-6
  • compresses ribcage by pulling ribs toward sternum
  • thoracic nerves
78
Q

what are the 4 muscles of expiration in the abdomen? (deep to superficial)

A

transversus abdomnis
internal oblique abdominis
rectus abdominis
external oblique abdominis

79
Q

what do the abdominal muscles do in expiration?

A
  • contraction dec vertical dimension
  • compresses ribcage and abdominal cavity
  • push up on diaphragm (compresses viscera in thorax)
80
Q

what is the linea alba?

A
  • midline of the abdominal aponeurosis, from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis
  • separates R and L rectus abdominis muscles
81
Q

transversus abdominis: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • iliac crest, inguinal ligaments, thoracolumbar fascia
  • xiphoid process, linea alba
  • compresses abdomen and ribcage
  • thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
82
Q

interanl oblique abdominis: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • iliac crest, inguinal ligament, thoracolumbar fascia
  • costal cartilages of last 3-4 ribs, linea alba
  • compresses abdomen and rib cage (hands to mouth direction)
  • thoracic nerves and 1st lumbar spinal nerve
83
Q

rectus abdominis: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A

(intermediate layer)
- pubic symphysis and pubic crest
- costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 (true ribs) and xiphoid process
- compresses abdomen and rib cage
- thoracic nerves

84
Q

external oblique abdominis: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A

(superficial layer)
- external surfaces of ribs 5-12
- iliac crest, inguinal ligament, linea alba
- compresses abdomen and ribcage (hands in pockets direction)
- thoracic nerves

85
Q

what are the 3 muscles of expiration in the dorsal trunk (lower back)?

A

serratus posterior inferior
quadratus lumborum
latissimus dorsi

86
Q

serratus posterior inferior: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • spinous processes for T11-L2/L3
  • inferior surface of ribs 8-12
  • lower ribs
  • thoracic nerves
87
Q

quadratus lumborum: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
  • inferior border of rib 12 and L1-L4
  • Pulls last rib inferiorly during expiration; anchors last rib against lifting force of diaphragm
  • thoracic and lumbar nerves
88
Q

latissimus dorsi: origin, insertion, action, innervation

A
  • lumbar, sacral, and lower thoracic vertebrae
  • humerus
  • stabilizes posterior abdominal wall
  • branchial plexus
89
Q

describe muscular dystrophy

A
  • degeneration of skeletal muscle resulting in progressive muscle weakness
  • as affects respiratory sys, patient may become ventilatory dependent

ANAT + PHYS (9610) (21 decks)

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