Unit 5 Mods 33-36 Flashcards
Anterograde amnesia
An in ability to form new memories
Retrograde amnesia
An inability to retrieve information from one’s past
Proactive interference
The forward acting disruptive affect of older learning on the recall of new information
Retroactive interference
The backward acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Reconsolidation
A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, or potentially altered before being stored again
Misinformation effect
Occurs when misleading information has distorted ones memory of an event
Source amnesia
Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. Source amnesia, along with the miss information affect, is at the heart of many false memories
Deja vu
The eerie sense that “I have experienced this before.“ Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
Creativity
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas
Convergent thinking
Narrowing the available problem solution to determine the single best solution
Divergent thinking
Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
Algorithm
Methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrast with the usually speedier but also more error-prone use of heuristics
Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm
Insight
A sudden realization of a problem solution; contrast a with strategy based solutions
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions into ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Fixation
In cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem-solving
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often away that has been successful in the past
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Representatives heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular Proto types; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
Availability heauristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come right away to mind we presume such events are common
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct to over estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
Belief perseverance
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed have been discredited
Framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combined them to communicate meaning
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; maybe a word or a part of a word
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with that and understand others. Semantics in the languages set of rules for derived meaning from sounds, and syntax is it set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
Babbling stage
Beginning around for months, the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously Utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
One word stage
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, During which a child speaks mostly in single words
Two word stage
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development in which a child speaks mostly in two word statements
Telegraphic speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - using mostly nouns and verbs
Aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area or to Wernicke’s area
Brocas area
helps control language expression– an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Wernickes area
a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
Linguistic determinism
the strong form of Whorf’s hypothesis–that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around us
Linguistic influence
the weaker form of “linguistic relativity”– the idea that language affects thought
