Unit 4 Mods 26-27

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information on behaviors

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated exposure to a stimulus

Question 3

Associative learning

Answer 3

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and it’s consequence

Question 4

Stimulus

Answer 4

Any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 5

Respondent behavior

Answer 5

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 6

Operant behavior

Answer 6

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Question 7

Cognitive learning

Answer 7

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Question 8

Classical conditioning

Answer 8

A type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate with pavlova classic experiment, the first stimulus comes to elicit behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus

Question 9

Behaviorism

Answer 9

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

Question 10

Neutral stimulus

Answer 10

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Question 11

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 11

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 12

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response

Question 13

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 13

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 14

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 14

In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 15

Acquisition

Answer 15

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Test if conditioned by only presenting NS

Question 16

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 16

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus.

For example, and animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone

Question 17

Extinction

Answer 17

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Question 18

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 18

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 19

Generalization

Answer 19

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 20

Discrimination

Answer 20

In classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 21

Operant conditioning

Answer 21

A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur a followed by a punisher

Question 22

Law of effect

Answer 22

Thorndike principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 23

Operant chamber

Answer 23

In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or a key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Skinner box

Question 24

Reinforcement

Answer 24

In operant conditioning, Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 25

Shaping

Answer 25

In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of the desired behavior

Question 26

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 26

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicit a response after association with reinforcement

Question 27

Positive reinforcement

Answer 27

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Question 28

Negative reinforcement

Answer 28

Increase in behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

Question 29

Primary reinforcer

Answer 29

An Innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Question 30

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 30

A stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power through it association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

Question 31

Reinforcement schedule

Answer 31

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 32

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 32

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 33

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Answer 33

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results and slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction then does continuous reinforcement

Question 34

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 34

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 35

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 35

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 36

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 36

In operant conditioning, I reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 37

Variable-interval Schedule

Answer 37

In operant conditioning, I reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 38

Punishment

Answer 38

And event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows