Unit 5 Mods 31-32 Flashcards
Memory
The persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
Relearning
A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
Encoding
The process of getting information into the memory system— for example by extracting meaning
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information overtime
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Parallel processing
Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of her phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten
Long term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless store house of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Working memory
A newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Explicit memory
Retention of facts and experiences that one can unconsciously know and declare
declarative memory
Effortful processing
And coding that requires attention and conscious effort
Automatic processing
Unconscious and coding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings
Implicit memory
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds in words can still be recalled within three or four seconds
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery in organizational devices
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention then is achieved through massed study or practice
Testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply re-reading, information.
test enhance learning
retrieval practice effect
Shallow processing
And coding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
Deep processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
Semantic memory
Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems
Episodic memory
Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories of facts and events for storage
Memory consolidation
The neural storage of a long term memory
Flashbulb memory
A clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Long term potentiation
An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Encoding specificity principle
The idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
Mood congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
Serial position effect
Are tendency to recall best The last in first items in a list
