Unit 5: Infancy and Childhood Psychosocial Development Flashcards
Temperament
the behavioural and emotional characteristics that are fairly well established at birth; longitudinal research strongly suggests that these temperaments styles last well into adulthood, although there is the potential for environmental influence; goodness of fit
Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess
“easy” babies: regular, good-natured, easy to care for, adaptable
“difficult” babies: irregular, moody and loud, react negatively to new situations
“slow-to-warm-up” babies: quieter, slow to respond to new situations
Jerome Kagan
“shy” babies: timid and inhibited, fearful of anything new or strange
Attachment
the emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver; demonstrated by a child “closeness-seeking” and distress upon separation; develops within first six months of life
Attachment through contact
Harry Harlow; humans form a bond with those who care for them in infancy; based upon interaction with caregiver
Attachment through familiarity
occurs in many species of animals during a critical period
Konrad Lorenz: imprinting; the tendency to follow the first moving object seen, as the basis for attachment
Mary Ainsworth
the “stranger situation”; identified 4 distinct styles of attachment: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganised-disoriented
Secure attachment style
very willing to explore; frequently “touched base”; wary of strangers, but calm as long as mother was nearby; when mother was nearby, baby is noticeably upset, however, easily soothed when return
secure attachment
Avoidant attachment style
somewhat willing to explore, did not “touch base”, did not look at strangers, reacted very little to mothers absence or return
dismissive attachment
Ambivalent attachment style
unwilling to explore; upset of strangers regardless of mothers presence; very upset by mothers departure; not easily soothed; mixed reaction to mothers return
preoccupied attachment
Disorganised-Disoriented attachment style
subsequent studies by Mary main and Erik Hesse
generally fearful with dazed and depressed expression; unable to decide how toreact with mothers return; little to no eye contact
Erik Erikson
concept of basic trust; securely attached children tend to believe that the world is predictable and trustworthy; attributed attachment and trust to parenting; identified eight stages of psychological development; first four occur during childhood and each contain a development crisis
First four stages of psychosocial development
trust vs mistrust (birth to 1 year)
autonomy vs shame and doubt (1 to 3 years)
initiative vs guilt (3 to 5 years)
industry vs inferiority (5 to 12 years)
Diana Baumbrind
three primary parenting styles
Authoritarian parenting style
demanding; nor responsive; impose rules and expect obedience
Permissive parenting style
not demanding, but responsive; use little punishment
Authoritative parenting style
demanding and responsive; exert control by establishing/enforcing rules, but they also explain reasons for rules
Self-concept
understanding of who we are; develops gradually in first year; mirror test: by 18 months, children know they are the image in the mirror
Solitary play
children first play by themselves
Parallel play
as they get older, children play side-by-side with other children, but do not interact
Cooperative play
by about 3.5 years children begin playing with others
Peer group
a network of same-aged friends and acquantances who give one another emotional and social support
Trust vs mistrust (stage 1)
Erikson; during this stage, the infant either comes to view other people and himself or herself as trustworthy or comes to develop a fundamental distrust of his or her environment
Autonomy vs shame and doubt (stage 2)
Erikson; children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence; success in this stage will lead to the virtue of will
