Unit 5: Infancy and Childhood Psychosocial Development

Question 1

Temperament

Answer 1

the behavioural and emotional characteristics that are fairly well established at birth; longitudinal research strongly suggests that these temperaments styles last well into adulthood, although there is the potential for environmental influence; goodness of fit

Question 2

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess

Answer 2

“easy” babies: regular, good-natured, easy to care for, adaptable
“difficult” babies: irregular, moody and loud, react negatively to new situations
“slow-to-warm-up” babies: quieter, slow to respond to new situations

Question 3

Jerome Kagan

Answer 3

“shy” babies: timid and inhibited, fearful of anything new or strange

Question 4

Attachment

Answer 4

the emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver; demonstrated by a child “closeness-seeking” and distress upon separation; develops within first six months of life

Question 5

Attachment through contact

Answer 5

Harry Harlow; humans form a bond with those who care for them in infancy; based upon interaction with caregiver

Question 6

Attachment through familiarity

Answer 6

occurs in many species of animals during a critical period
Konrad Lorenz: imprinting; the tendency to follow the first moving object seen, as the basis for attachment

Question 7

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 7

the “stranger situation”; identified 4 distinct styles of attachment: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganised-disoriented

Question 8

Secure attachment style

Answer 8

very willing to explore; frequently “touched base”; wary of strangers, but calm as long as mother was nearby; when mother was nearby, baby is noticeably upset, however, easily soothed when return
secure attachment

Question 9

Avoidant attachment style

Answer 9

somewhat willing to explore, did not “touch base”, did not look at strangers, reacted very little to mothers absence or return
dismissive attachment

Question 10

Ambivalent attachment style

Answer 10

unwilling to explore; upset of strangers regardless of mothers presence; very upset by mothers departure; not easily soothed; mixed reaction to mothers return
preoccupied attachment

Question 11

Disorganised-Disoriented attachment style

Answer 11

subsequent studies by Mary main and Erik Hesse
generally fearful with dazed and depressed expression; unable to decide how toreact with mothers return; little to no eye contact

Question 12

Erik Erikson

Answer 12

concept of basic trust; securely attached children tend to believe that the world is predictable and trustworthy; attributed attachment and trust to parenting; identified eight stages of psychological development; first four occur during childhood and each contain a development crisis

Question 13

First four stages of psychosocial development

Answer 13

trust vs mistrust (birth to 1 year)
autonomy vs shame and doubt (1 to 3 years)
initiative vs guilt (3 to 5 years)
industry vs inferiority (5 to 12 years)

Question 14

Diana Baumbrind

Answer 14

three primary parenting styles

Question 15

Authoritarian parenting style

Answer 15

demanding; nor responsive; impose rules and expect obedience

Question 16

Permissive parenting style

Answer 16

not demanding, but responsive; use little punishment

Question 17

Authoritative parenting style

Answer 17

demanding and responsive; exert control by establishing/enforcing rules, but they also explain reasons for rules

Question 18

Self-concept

Answer 18

understanding of who we are; develops gradually in first year; mirror test: by 18 months, children know they are the image in the mirror

Question 19

Solitary play

Answer 19

children first play by themselves

Question 20

Parallel play

Answer 20

as they get older, children play side-by-side with other children, but do not interact

Question 21

Cooperative play

Answer 21

by about 3.5 years children begin playing with others

Question 22

Peer group

Answer 22

a network of same-aged friends and acquantances who give one another emotional and social support

Question 23

Trust vs mistrust (stage 1)

Answer 23

Erikson; during this stage, the infant either comes to view other people and himself or herself as trustworthy or comes to develop a fundamental distrust of his or her environment

Question 24

Autonomy vs shame and doubt (stage 2)

Answer 24

Erikson; children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence; success in this stage will lead to the virtue of will

Question 25

Initiative vs guilt (stage 3)

Answer 25

Erikson; children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interactions; these are particularly lively, rapid-developing years in a child’s life

Question 26

Industry vs inferiority (stage 4)

Answer 26

Erikson; the child learns to be productive and to accept evaluation of his or her efforts or becomes discouraged and feels inferior or incompetent