Unit 2: Neurons and Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Lesioning

A

destruction of brain tissue; victims of severe brain injury, Parkinson’s/schizophrenic/OCD patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

monitors brainwave pattern produced by electrical activity of brain; sleep stages, tumors, seizure disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Electrical stimulation of brain (ESB)

A

process where a weak electrical current is sent into brain structure to stimulate it; animal research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Computer tomography (CT)

A

brain imaging method that utilizes computer-controlled x-rays of brain; gives composite representation (,ap) of brain slices; stroke damage, blood clots, tumors, injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

brain-imaging method where radioactive glucose is injected into subject; can monitor brain activity like sleep cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

technique uses magnetic fields and radioactive waves to produce computer generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows to see smaller details and structures within brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

new variation on MRI technology that monitors blood flow and oxygen consumption in brain to identify areas of high activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CT vs MRI

A

CTs are less expensive; CTs are less sensitive to patient movement; CT scans can be performed in presence of implanted medical device

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

contains spine and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

sensory and motor neurons that connect CNS with rest of body; contains Autonomic and Somatic nervous systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary functions or items that happen automatically within body; contains Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movements and communication to and from the sense organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

physically arouses body, preparing it to act/react in stressful situations, expends energy; initiates fight-or-flight; inhibits digestion, dilates pupils, increases breathing and heartrate to oxygenate blood, stimulates release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms body, conserving its energy and helping keep a constant internal state; returns body to homeostasis; initiates rest and digest; stimulates digestion, contracts pupils, slows breathing and heartrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sensory neurons

A

afferent neurons; carries incoming messages/information from sense receptors to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Motor neurons

A

efferent neurons; carries outgoing information from CNS to the peripheral nervous system and muscles

17
Q

Resting potential

A

when neuron is not firing, and has a negative charge with mostly potassium ions inside and mostly sodium ions outside

18
Q

Polarization

A

at resting potential, when NA is outside and K is inside; at this state, neuron is at homeostasis; should strive to obtain this regularly

19
Q

Action potential

A

nerve impulse; electrical pulse or message that travels length of axon

20
Q

All or nothing principle

A

when nucleus decides to fire, it fires down axon completely (all the way) or not at all; maintains same intensity the entire length of axon regardless of strength of intent

21
Q

Depolarization

A

Sodium and positive ions rush in, causing potassium and negative ions to rush out; takes longer for potassium channels to open, so neurons struggle to fire; action potential

22
Q

Refractory period

A

period of time after firing that neuron is focused on resetting, and therefore unable to fire again

23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical substance that crosses synapse to carry on message to next neuron

24
Q

Synapse

A

open space between two neurons where neurotransmitters cross

25
Receptor sites
specific points on dendrites of neurons that receive specific types of neurotransmitters
26
Agonist
external substance that somehow interact with neurotransmitters at receptor sites on dendrites of neuron; mimics neurotransmitter activity; anesthesia (morphine mimics endorphins)
27
Antagonist
external substance that somehow interact with neurotransmitters at receptor sites on dendrites of neuron; blocks neurotransmitter activity; prevents neurotransmitter from getting to receptor site; botox
28
Reuptake
process where neurotransmitter molecules that have been released by synapse are reabsorbed by presynaptic neuron that released them
29
axon
part of neuron that carries nerve impulse away from cell body
30
dendrite
part of neuron that increases receptive surface of neuron; receives communications from other cells
31
Interneurons
only neurons in CNS; act as messengers between sensory and motor neurons