Unit 5 Genetics Test Flashcards
LIst the 4 phases of Mitosis in the correct order
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What is the name of the resting and growth phase where ells spend the most time?
interphase
which type of cell division occurs in skin, hair, and tissue cells?
Mitosis
which type of cell division produces eggs and sperm (Gametes)?
Meiosis
how many chromosomes are present in normal human sperm and egg cells?
46
division of the cytoplasm of a cell
cytokinesis
condition in which cells grow uncontrollaby
cancer
a nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes
telophase
sister chromatids separate
anaphase
a spindle forms
prophase
chromosomes line up across center/equator of the cell
metaphase
the genetic material condenses and chromosomes become visible
prophase
chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell
anaphase
the cytoplasm divides
cytokinesis
crossing over occurs between tetrads
prophase 1
paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
metaphase 1
spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward an opposite end of the cell
anaphase 1
chromosomes line up “single file” at the center of the cell
Metaphase 2
when an egg and sperm join, how many chromosomes does a resulting human zygote have?
46
number of daughter cells in Mitosis
2
number of daughter cells in meiosis
4 sperm, 1 egg
daughter cells haploid (n) or diploid (2n) mitosis
diploid
daughter cells haploid (n) or diploid (2n) meiosis
haploid
number of cell division in mitosis
1
number of cell division in meiosis
2
how many total chromosomes are present in a normal human karyotype
46
how many pairs of sex chromosomes are there
23
the 23rd pair of chromosomes in a female are written as
xx
the 23rd pair of chromosomes in a male are written as
xy
a technique used to remove amniotic fluid from the uterus of a pregnant mother is known as
amniocentesis
can then be constructed to determine any chromosomal disorders, or simply determine the sex of the unborn child
karyotype
a picture of an unborn child can be used to determine if there are any abnormalities. One technique that uses sound waves is called
ultrasonography (Ultrasound)
if an individual has _____, then they have an extra set of chromosomes at chromosome pair #21.
down syndrome
If a child only has one X in their sex chromosomes, then it has the disorder known as ___
Turner’s syndrome
define Phenotype
outward physical appearance
define genotype
Actual genes (alleles)
define dominant
form of allele that prevents expression of the other
define recessive
form of allele that must be homozygous in order for that trait to be seen
who is known as the “father of genetics”
gregor mendel
which organism did he conduct most of his students in genetics with?
pea plants
when you solve a genetics problem using punnett square, are the results you get considered to be expected results or observed results
observed
a women is pregnant. What are the chances her baby will be a boy?
50%
the sex of a child is determined by which parent?
father
sex linked traits such as colorblindness and hemophilia are carried on the __ chromosome.
X
males either inherit the dominant or recessive gene from their ___ on the X chromosome.
mother
if their mother is colorblind or has hemophilia, then __ of all the boys born to her will have either of the diseases
100%
what does DNA stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
where is DNA found?
The nucleus
who discovered DNA?
watson and crick
the scientists described their model of DNA in 1953 as a __
double helix
the x-ray photograph of ______ helped the two men discover the structure of the molecule
Rosalind Franklin
name the 3 molecules that make up DNA
- Deoxyribose
- Phosphate
- Nitrogen bases
If we think of DNA as a ladder, what makes up the sides?
deoxyribose and phosphate
If we think of DNA as a ladder, what makes up the rungs, or steps?
nitrogen bases
in DNA thymine (T) bonds with ___
adenine
Cytosine (C) bonds with __
Guanine
DNA can make a copy of itself in a process called?
replication
When does replication occur?
in the nucleus during interphase of the cell cycle.
sections of DNA, which make up each chromosome are known as
genes
genes control the synthesis of ___
proteins
3 differences between DNA and RNA
- single stranded instead of double
- ribose instead of deoxyribose
- uracil instead of thymine
the 3 nitrogen base combinations of mRNA
condons
the 3 nitrogen base combinations on tRNA are called ___
anticodons
what is the name of the process where mRNA is made
transcript
what is the name of the process that follows transcription and translates the message of RNA into a protein?
translation
each of the three bases on the mRNA codes for a specific _____, such as trp, phe, gly, and ser.
amino acid
These are bonded together to form a ___
protein
The ______ identified about 20,000 genes in human DNA and its sequence of about 3 billion base pairs.
Human Genome Project
A ____ is all of the DNA in an organism including its genes
Genome
A technique used to separate out DNA fragments for analysis, including for forensic evidence, its known as
gel electrophoresis
list 3 ways that DNA technology is currently being used to help humans
- Agriculture
- Disease diognosis + treatment
- Tracing human migration patterns
thymine
The base that pairs Adenine in DNA.
adenine
The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA.
cytosine
The base that pairs with guanine in DNA.
A karyotype with three 21st chromosomes is that of someone with:
Down syndrome
Which genetic screening process allows a doctor to look at the chromosomes of a fetus?
amniocentesis
Green seeds (G) are dominant to yellow seeds (g). If two heterozygous green seeded plants are crossed, what percent of the offspring would you expect to have yellow seeds?
25%
A blueprint of an individual’s chromosomes is called a:
Karyotype
A chart showing the inheritance of a genetic disorder through a family is called a:
pedigree
Proteins are made up of subunits of:
amino acids
When in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
interphase
Muscle cells, skin cells, and liver cells undergo:
mitosis
