Semester 1 Final Exam Flashcards
The Largest part; each hemisphere is made of 4 lobes
Cerebrum
Vision
Occipital Lobe
Personality, Future planning
Frontal Lobe
Logical mathematical
parietal lobe
balance and coordination
cerebellum
hearing, memory, speech
temporal lobe
involuntary actions (breathing, heart rate)
medulla oblongata
naturalist
respectful of environment
Visual-spatial
ability to create internal mental images, “creative”
interpersonal
relationships, “dependent”
verbal-linguistic
reading, writing, speaking, “communicating”
bodily kinesthetic
physical education, coordination, “athletic”
intrapersonal
self reflection, “independent”
difference between IQ and EQ
IQ - book smarts
EQ - Social smarts, skills
Three functions on the left side of the brain
- Logical
- Language
- Science/math
Three functions on the right side of the brain
- Creativity
- Intreition
- Arts/Music
a pyramid that shows the total mass of living tissue at each trophic level
biomass
the highest rate of reproduction under ideal conditions is known as
biotic potential
A small organism known as protozoa lives in the stomach of termites. These protozoa depend on
the termite for shelter and food. In return, the protozoa secrete a chemical that the termite needs to digest wood. This type of relationship is known as
mutualism
A feeding step within an ecosystem is known as a
trophic level
Two examples of density independent factors are ____ and _____
tornado and flood
Disease, parasitism, and availability of food are all examples of_______limiting factors.
Density dependent
Zero population growth occurs when the _________________ is equal to the
_______________. In this case, the population reaches its __________ ___________.
Birth rate, death rate, carry capacity
All of the possible food chains in an ecosystem make up a
food web
An autotroph uses ___________ from the sun to make its own _______________.
energy, food
A ragworm lives inside the shell of a hermit crab. The worm receives shelter and neither harms nor helps the crab. This type of relationship is known as
commensalism
At each level of a food chain, _________ % of the energy is lost in the form of ________.
90%, heat
A unique place occupied by an organism in and ecosystem is called its ___________. This
includes where it lives and its place in the food web.
niche
In an ecosystem ___________ flows in one direction, but _______________ is recycled.
energy, matter
A first order consumer that eats plants is known as a _________
herbivore
The greatest amount of energy in a food chain or food pyramid is found at the____________of the chain/pyramid.
bottom
Movement of an organism into an area is known as _________________, while movement out an area is known as ____________
immigration, emigration
limiting factors definition and example
factors or circumstances which keep populations from reaching their biotic potentials
Example - lack of food, lack of space
biotic definition and example
something related to living things
example - plants
abiotic definition and example
definition - anything chemical or physical that lacks life
example - light
Density-dependent definition and example
definition - factors which control population and operate more strongly on large populations
Examples - disease, competition, parasites.
density-independent definition and example
definition - factors which affect the lives of organisms regardless of the size of the population
Examples - extreme temperatures, floods, fire,
dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment
ecology
our entire plant with all its organisms and physical environments
Biosphere
all the organisms that live in a place together with their physical environment
ecosystem
a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms
biome
all the different populations that live together in a defined area
community
differences between food web and food chain
A food web consists of many food chains. A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food.
as a plant, that is able to produce its own food from inorganic substances. producers
producers
an organism, usually an animal, that feeds on plants or other animals.
consumer
an animal or other organism that feeds on dead organic matter.
scavenger
an organism, usually a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down the cells of dead plants and animals into simpler substances.
decomposer
an organism that uses organic waste as a food source, as certain insects.
detritivore
refers to the size of a population that occupies a given area at any point in time.
population density
one organism lives on or in another organism which is usually harmed.
parasitism
a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
population
levels of organization in the biosphere
individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.
relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
commensalism
organism that make their own food through photosynthesis
autotrophs
a step in the passage of energy and materials
trophic level
make up the first level
autotrophs (producers)
a consumer which feeds directly on a producer
first order consumer or primary consumer
consumers that feed on other consumers
carnivores
organisms that eat both plants and animals
omnivores
carnivorous consumer, such as a snake, that feeds directly on a first-order consumer, such as a mouse
second-order consumer
consumer that feeds upon a second-order consumer, such as a snake that feeds upon a mouse, that eats grasshoppers
third-order consumer
Steps of Scientific method
- Observe and recognize the problem
- Form a hypothesis
- Experiment the hypothesis
- Record and analyze data
- Draw a conclusion
educated guess
Hypothesis
what changes
variable
does not change
constant
Lens one looks through
eye piece
supports slide
stage
a variable in an experiment that influences the outcome.
experimental factor
a group of subjects that are not given the treatment being tested in order to serve as a benchmark for the tested group
control
supports microscope
base
supports body tube
arm
focuses slide under low power
Coarse adjustment
sharpens image
fine adjustment
regulates amount of
light diaphragm
light source
lamp
connects eyepiece to nosepiece
body tube
turns objectives into position
revolving nosepiece
holds slide in place
stage clips
lowest magnification
lowest magnification power
highest magnification
high power
If slide is thick, only some parts of the specimen may come into focus
true
to switch from low to high power, one must rotate the revolving nosepiece
true
for viewing microscope slides should be placed on the objective
false
the total magnification of a microscope is determined by adding the ocular lens magnification and the objective lens magnification
false
Cell Theory 3 parts
- Cells are the basic structure and function of a living thing
- All organisms (living things) are made out of cells
- only existing cells can make new cells
group of similar cells that perform a particular function
tissue
group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
organ
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
organ system
who was the first scientist to observe cells?
hooke
least to most complex organisms
atom, cell, tissue, organ, organism system, organism
have a “true” nuclei
Eukaryotes
bacteria are an example
prokaryotes
do not have a nuclei
Eukaryotes
humans and plants are an example
eukaryotes
3 main jobs of the cell
- Make proteins
- Make energy
- Make new cells
Encloses the contents of the cell and controls the movement of particles into and out of the cell
cell membrane
3 other functions of the cell membrane
- site of chemical reactions
- cell to cell recognition
- separate organelles
regulates what goes in and out of the cell
cell membrane
control center, contains DNA
Nucleus
protects and supports the cell
cell wall
stores food and water
vacuole
provides energy
mitochondrion
packages chemicals
golgi body
canals for transport
ER
provides framework
cytoskeleton
makes food for plant
chloroplasts
helps cell reproduce
centriole
where chemical reactions occur
cytoplasm
has digestive enzymes
lysosome
three structures that are only found in plant cells
cell wall, chloroplasts and large vacuole.
cell membrane are made up of
carbohydrates and lipids
matter is anything that has
mass and takes up space
matter is made of tiny particles called
atoms
when two or more different atoms chemically combine a
compound is formed
a molecule is a combination of the same or different atoms held together by chemical
bonds
each element has a
symbol
positively charged particles
protons
negatively charged particles are
electrons
neutral charged particles are
neutrons
what commonly found molecule is represented to the right
h20
when two or more water molecules form hydrogen bonds between each other is known as
cohesion
when water sticks to another substance, such as cellulose in a plant, this is known as
adhesion
The periodic table of the elements was first arranged by the Russian scientist
dmitri mendeleev
The atomic number is equal to the number of
protons
The atomic mass is equal to the number of
protons and nuetrons
a change, new combinations of atoms are produced.
Examples include: burning wood, burning gasoline, cars rusting, and digestions of food.
change
During our chemistry demos in class, when the magnesium metal was burned, a bright light appeared, and ash was formed. What type of change occurred
chemical
a change, the substance changes from one state of matter to another.
An example where this happens is when water changes from ice to a liquid.
physical
When a substance changes from a solid to a liquid we call it
melting
When a substance changes from a liquid to a gas we call it
evaporation
In a solution of Kool-Aid and water, the solvent is the _____________and the solute is the _________________.
H20 and kool aid
Solutions with a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-), and a pH below 7 are know as
acids
Solutions with a higher concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydrogen ions (H+) and a pH above 7 are known a
bases
Solutions with a pH of 7 are
neutral
A common household solution that is acidic is ______________________, while a common household base is _______________________.
vinegar/lemon juice and detergent/bleach
Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, or a pH of 6? _________________ Which pH is more basic, a pH of 10 or a pH of 13? _________________________.
PH 3 and PH 13
Diffusion is the movement of materials from areas of
higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
It is a type of ____________ because it does not require energy to move the particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
passive transport
Diffusion will occur if the substances are in
unequal amounts on either side of the membrane
if the membrane is _______________ to the substance, meaning it allows it to go through
permeable
requires energy because particles are moving from an area of low concentration to high concentration, similar to when one is trying to walk in the opposite direction of a crowd of people.
active transport
Osmosis is the diffusion of
water through a membrane
it is important for the cell to be in
equilibrium with its environment.
Pathogen vs symbiont
Pathogen - causes disease, symbiont- does not cause disease
disease caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and or parasites
infectious disease
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Prokaryote - Lacks True nucleus
Eukaryote - Has nucleus
Binary Fission vs conjugation
Binary Fission - A reproduction when DNA splits
conjugation - exchange genetic information
weakened or killed pathogens used to produce immunity to a disease
Vaccine
Autotrophic vs Heterotrophic
autotrophic bacteria - produces own food
Heterotrophic bacteria - absorbs nutrients from surrounding
Antigen vs Antibody
Antigen - a substance that triggers an immune response
Antibody - destruction by immune cells
Active vs Passive Immunity
Active - artificial, by vaccine, Last several years
Passive - Natural, from mother, short term
List 3 bacteria
- coccus
- bacillus
- spirillum
disease caused by microorganism that disrupts normal body functions
homeostasis
an animal that carries disease from an animal host to a human host is called a
vector
3 ways bacteria is beneficial
breaks down dead organism inside, bacteria makes food, removes waste
3 ways bacteria is harmful
cause diseases, invade living organism, harms immune system.
Bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum can form an what when conditions become harsh?
endospore
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other
parasitism
Define pathogen
causes disease
describe Koch’s Theory of infectious disease
pathogens must always be found in the body of a sick organism
Describe thee three lines of they body’s defense again disease
- Physical and Chemical Barriers
- Non-Specific Resistance
- Specific resistance
define antibiotics
substances which destroy bacteria
3 diseases that can be treated with antibiotics
strep throat
bronchitis
chlamydia
how is AIDS caused
by HIV disables immune system
What does skin do?
blocks pathogens from entering
what does cilia do?
push pathogens away
what does stomach acid do?
destroys microbes
group that stays the same
control
“variable” what is being tested
experimental factor
how is AIDS transmitted?
direct contact
how is AIDS prevented?
safe sex
inborn immunity
present at birth
acquired immunity
happens in lifetime
active
make own antibodies, get the vaccine
passive
get antibodies from another source, breast feeding, tetanus
Bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum can form an what when conditions become harsh?
endospore
Name 4 methods used to preserve food and prevent bacterial growth
- salting
- freezing
- smoking
- dehydration
Disinfectants are used to destroy bacteria on what?
surfaces
Antiseptics are used to destroy bacteria on the?
Skin and body
Name 4 foods that bacteria help produce
- Peas
- pickles
- sour cream
- soy sauce
3 diseases that are caused by bacteria
- lyme disease
- strep throat
- tuberculosis
Which diseases above can be treated with antibiotics?
Strep throat, tuberculosis, Lyme disease, Pneumonia
4 ways diseases can be spread
- coughing,sneezing
- Physdical contact
- Sexual Contact
- Water and foo
What was the purpose of the agar on the petri dish?
Nutrients for bacteria
What was the purpose of the peppercorn culture?
Bacteria source
What is the “zone of inhibition” ?
Area where bacteria did not grow
What does a large “zone of inhibition” show
The antibiotic works well to kill the bacteria
Why was a sterile paper disk used when you were testing the effect of the different antibiotics?
Control
Why were the plates incubated overnight and at 37 degrees celsius?
to give the bacteria a chance to grow
make their own food
chemosynthetic
use light as a source of energy
Photosynthetic
decomposed dead or decaying materials
saprophytes or decomposers
need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically.
Obligate aerobes
poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest
Obligate anaerobes
bacteria that can live in the presence and/or absence of oxygen are known as
facultative anaerobe
poisons produced by disease-causing organisms (bacteria) are known as
toxins
What microorganisms can cause disease?
fungi, viruses, protozoans, bacteria
the stages of viral infection in order
attachment, entry, replication, assembly, lysis
What does AIDS stands for
Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
What is AIDS caused by? How is it spread by? Is there a cure?
HIV and spread by unprotected sex, sharing needles and giving birth. There is no cure for AIDS
What type of pathogen was responsible for the disease in “outbreak”?
virus
3 ways that the pathogen was spread from person to person in outbreak
- scrape
- bodyfluid
- air born
Your immune system produces proteins called?
Antibodies
These proteins are made by specific immune cells called?
B-Cells
Any foreign substance that enters the body is known as…
Antigen
Barrier that stops pathogens from entering the body
skin
increases flow of white blood cells and fluids to an area
histamine
traps pathogens in the nose and throat
mucus
increases body temperature to slow the growth of pathogens
fever
inhibits the synthesis of viral proteins, helps block viral replication
interferon
specific defenses of the immune system are based on the body ability to recognize what from what? and involve white blood cells known as what?
Self from non-self lymphocytes
The type of cells involved in making antibodies are known as …
B-cells
what are the two kinds of cells that b cells can produce after an antigen binds to them?
Plasma cells and memory B cells
one can get active immunity to a disease by having the what or getting a what?
disease or getting a vaccine
babies receive what through breast milk or through the placenta during pregnancy?
Inborn
When the body starts to attack its own cells as in type 1 diabetes, this is known as?
Autoimmune disease
An overreaction of the immune system where patients have watery eyes, runny noses, and need to take antihistamines is known as..
Allergies
LIst the 4 phases of Mitosis in the correct order
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
hat is the name of the resting and growth phase where ells spend the most time?
interphase
which type of cell division occurs in skin, hair, and tissue?
Mitosis
which type of cell division produces eggs and sperm (Gametes)?
Meiosis
how many chromosomes are present in normal human sperm and egg cells?
46
division of the cytoplasm of a cell
cytokinesis
condition in which cells grow uncontrollaby
cancer
a nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes
telophase
sister chromatids separate
anaphase
a spindle forms
prophase
chromosomes line up across center/equator of the cell
metaphase
the genetic material condenses and chromosomes become visible
prophase
chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell
anaphase
the cytoplasm divides
cytokinesis
crossing over occurs between tetrads
prophase 1
paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
metaphase 1
spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward an opposite end of the cell
anaphase 1
chromosomes line up “single file” at the center of the cell
Metaphase 2
when an egg and sperm join, how many chromosomes does a resulting human zygote have?
46
number of daughter cells in Mitosis
2
number of daughter cells in meiosis
4 sperm, 1 egg
daughter cells haploid (n) or diploid (2n) mitosis
diploid
daughter cells haploid (n) or diploid (2n) meiosis
haploid
number of cell division in mitosis
1
number of cell division in meiosis
2
how many total chromosomes are present in a normal human karyotype
46
how many pairs of sex chromosomes are there
23
the 23rd pair of chromosomes in a female are written as
xx
the 23rd pair of chromosomes in a male are written as
xy
a technique used to remove amniotic fluid from the uterus of a pregnant mother is known as
amniocentesis
can then be constructed to determine any chromosomal disorders, or simply determine the sex of the unborn child
v
a picture of an unborn child can be used to determine if there are any abnormalities. One technique that uses sound waves is called
ultrasonography (Ultrasound)
if an individual has _____, then they have an extra set of chromosomes at chromosome pair #21.
down syndrome
If a child only has one X in their sex chromosomes, then it has the disorder known as ___
Turner’s syndrome
define Phenotype
outward physical appearance
define genotype
Actual genes (alleles)
define dominant
form of allele that prevents expression of the other
define recessive
form of allele that must be homozygous in order for that trait to be seen
who is known as the “father of genetics”
gregor mendel
which organism did he conduct most of his students in genetics with?
pea plants
when you solve a genetics problem using punnett square, are the results you get considered to be expected results or observed results
observed
a women is pregnant. What are the chances her baby will be a boy?
50%
the sex of a child is determined by which parent?
father
sex linked traits such as colorblindness and hemophilia are carried on the __ chromosome.
x
males either inherit the dominant or recessive gene from their ___ on the X chromosome.
mother
if their mother is colorblind or has hemophilia, then __ of all the boys born to her will have either of the diseases
100%
what does DNA stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
where is DNA found?
The nucleus
who discovered DNA?
watson and crick
The scientiata decribed their model of DNA as a
double helix
the x-ray photograph of ______ helped the two men discover the structure of the molecule
Rosalind Franklin
name the 3 molecules that make up DNA
- Deoxyribose
- Phosphate
- Nitrogen bases
If we think of DNA as a ladder, what makes up the sides?
deoxyribose and phosphate
If we think of DNA as a ladder, what makes up the rungs, or steps?
nitrogen bases
in DNA thymine (T) bonds with ___
adenine
Cytosine (C) bonds with __
Guanine
DNA can make a copy of itself in a process called?
replication
When does replication occur?
in the nucleus during interphase of the cell cycle.
sections of DNA, which make up each chromosome are known as
genes
genes control the synthesis of ___
proteins
3 differences between DNA and RNA
- single stranded instead of double
- ribose instead of deoxyribose
- uracil instead of thymine
the 3 nitrogen base combinations of mRNA
condons
the 3 nitrogen base combinations on tRNA are called ___
anticodons
what is the name of the process where mRNA is made
transcript
what is the name of the process that follows transcription and translates the message of RNA into a protein?
translation
each of the three bases on the mRNA codes for a specific _____, such as trp, phe, gly, and ser.
amino acid
These are bonded together to form a ___
protein
The ______ identified about 20,000 genes in human DNA and its sequence of about 3 billion base pairs.
Human Genome Project
A ____ is all of the DNA in an organism including its genes
Genome
A technique used to separate out DNA fragments for analysis, including for forensic evidence, its known as
gel electrophoresis
list 3 ways that DNA technology is currently being used to help humans
- Agriculture
- Disease diognosis + treatment
- Tracing human migration patterns
thymine
The base that pairs Adenine in DNA.
adenine
The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA.
cytosine
The base that pairs with guanine in DNA.
A karyotype with three 21st chromosomes is that of someone with:
Down syndrome
Which genetic screening process allows a doctor to look at the chromosomes of a fetus?
amniocentesis
Green seeds (G) are dominant to yellow seeds (g). If two heterozygous green seeded plants are crossed, what percent of the offspring would you expect to have yellow seeds?
25%
A blueprint of an individual’s chromosomes is called a:
Karyotype
A chart showing the inheritance of a genetic disorder through a family is called a:
pedigree
Proteins are made up of subunits of:
amino acids
When in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
interphase
Muscle cells, skin cells, and liver cells undergo:
mitosis
budding, fragmentation, and binary fission are all forms of what
asexual
Binary fission occurs in
bacteria
a starfish can replace missing arms by a process named
regeneration
organisms that live in water usually fertilize their eggs
externally
external fertilization requires
water
large number sperm and eggs
humans, bats birds, spiders, and whales all use what fertilization?
internal
name some advantages of internal development of offspring
- protection from changes in environment
- protection from predators
- nourishment from mother
asexual reproduction produces offspring that have …
identical genetic mater
insects, birds, and reptiles all fertilize their eggs
internally
fertilization usually occurs in and where does it fertilize?
the fallopian tubes, uterus
the union of sperm and egg occurs in the oviduct also known as
fallopian tube
external sac that holds male gonads
scrotum
structure that deposits sperm in the female’s body
penis
structure in which sperm mature
epididymis
the tube through which sperm travel to the urethra
vas deferens
sperm mixed with the seminal fluid is called
semen
sperm are produced in the
testes
sperm are stored in the
epididymis
both semen and urine exit the male’s body through the
urethra
the primary reproductive organs of females are the ….
ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes
the function of estrogen is to help the what
egg mature
the structure of the female reproductive system where an embryo develops is called the what
uterus
an unfertilized egg leaves the body
menstruation
the egg travels through a fallopian tube
luteal phase
an egg within a follicle develops develops
follicular phase
an egg is released from an ovary
ovulation
FSH is made by the
anterior pituitary and in the brain stands for follicle stimulating hormone
LH stands for
luteinizing hormone
where is it realased
anterior pituitary
the two ovarian hormones are
estrogen and progesterone
the uterine lining is maintained by the hormone
progesterone
blood, uterine, tissue, and the unfertilized egg make up
menstruation
if fertilization takes place, which hormone should in crease or stay on and which will shut off FSH - LH Estrogen progesterine
shut off
shut off
stay on
stay on
what happens to the lining of the uterus if fertilization takes place
it is maintained
hormones and structures act through
feed back
what triggers growth and development of an egg in the ovary with FSH
the pituitary
in response, the ovary then secretes the two sex hormones that control development of the gg and uterus linign
estrogen and progesterone
when ovarian hormones reach low levels, this feeds back and stimulates the
pituitary gland
the human gestation period is approximately
40 weeks
what happens in the first trimester
all of the system of the body begin to form
what happens in the second trimester
growth and maturation of the fetal tissues countine
what happens in the third trimester
the fetus triples in mass
during implantation the fertilization egg embeds itself into the lining of the
uterus
the fetus receives what nutrients from the mother and gets rid of what and the other wastes through the umbilical cord
o2, co2
the contractions of labor before childbirth are caused by the hormone
oxytocin which comes from the brain
birth control is the responsibility of
both men and women
the most effective way of birth control is
abstinence
Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STD
fBalse
Chlamydia damages the reproductive tract and can cause infertility
true
there is no cure for HIV
true
hepatitis B and genital herpes are viral STDs
True
produce eggs and hormones
ovaries
normal place of fertilization
fallopian tubes
womb - egg implants here
uterus
opening between cervix and vagina
cervix
birth canal
vagina
sperm produced here
testes
stores urine
urinary bladder
sac containing testes
scrotum
carnes sperm from testes to penis
vas deferens
passes both urine and semen
urethra
external structure - deposits
penis
union of egg and sperm outside
external ferrilization
union of egg and sperm inside female’s body
internal fertilization
follicle (egg) develops
follicular
14 day - egg released
ovulation
corpus luteum releases hermones
luteal
blood and tissue leave uterus
menstruation
egg - pupa - larvae - adult
complete
egg - nymph - adult
incomplete
connects fetus to placenta exchange between fetus and mother
umbilical cord
surrounds fetus provides food and O2
placenta
1 egg 1 sperm
identical twins
2 eggs - 2 sperm
fraternal
