Unit 5 Extra Terms Flashcards
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory
- 3 types of memory (sensory, working, long term)
- All the stuff we learned about these 3 types comes from this model (duration, capacity)
Well learned information (automatic encoding)
something that has been learned well enough and for long enough becomes automatic even if it started as being effortful
Craik and Tulving experiment
- experiments to test how depth of encoding affects how effectively they are encoded.
- showed people a series of words and asked them 3 levels of questions:
- visual (color of word), acoustic (# of syllables), or semantic/meaning (fit in a sentence).
visual encoding
Encoding based on how something looks, its physical characteristics and appearance. This creates a very weak level of encoding.
acoustic encoding
Encoding based on how something sounds which creates a slightly deeper level of encoding.
semantic encoding
Encoding something based on its meaning which creates the deepest and most effective level of encoding.
self-reference effect
Thinking about things in reference to oneself creates a deeper level of encoding as well.
Ex. if they are asked if the words in a sequence describe them or not they are more likely to remember them.
Duration of iconic memory
<.5 seconds
Duration of echoic memory
3-4 seconds
George Sperling Experiment (iconic memory)
- flash rows of letters and have people recall immediately after
- then have people recall certain row
- could recall certain row perfectly
- proof our brain holds it for a second in iconic memory
Priming (retrieval cue)
- retrieval cue
- form of implicit memory
- activation of associations (conscious or
unconscious) that can cause us to be more likely to remember something a certain way
Ebbinghaus Research
- memory decay
- ebbinghaus forgetting curve
- memorized nonsense syllables
- stuff is forgotten dramatically and rapidly for a while and then the stuff that remains is kept for a long time
Elizabeth Loftus Research
- reconsolidation and faulty memories (misinformation)
- car crash videos
- asked if car slowed for stop sign or not, but there was no stop sign –> more people reported there being a stop sign later
Insight (problem solving)
This comes from trial and error, and it is when a solution is finally reached out of nowhere after many trials.
Mental Set
We tend to stick to solutions to problems that have worked well in the past, and not consider new ones.
Ex. repeatedly pulling on a door trying to get it to open even though there is a push sign on the door.
