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AP Psychology > Unit 1 terms continued > Flashcards

Unit 1 terms continued Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological Perspective

A

How our brain works to allow for emotions, memories and senses. Also how our genes and environment influence how we are different

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2
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

How does our need to survive and reproduce influence what traits and genes are kept

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3
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

How our unconscious thoughts and desires influence thoughts and behaviors

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4
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

How we retrieve, store, and encode information

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5
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

How does our need to meet our full potential and be our best self influence our thoughts and behaviors

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6
Q

Socio-Cultural Perspective

A

How do the differences among different cultures influence differences in thoughts and behaviors

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7
Q

Operational Definition

A

An indepth and exact description of the procedure of a study as well as a description of the dependent variable

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8
Q

Replication

A

Repeating a study or experiment using different subjects

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9
Q

Case Study

A

Looking at a single person or small group of people are interesting or unique
Strengths- deep dive into single thing
Limitations- can not determine cause and effect, can not be generalized to population

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10
Q

Survey

A

Having people self report feelings, opinions, etc in order to gain information
strengths- quick look
limitations- response bias, wording affecting response, hard to get representative sample, can not determine cause and effect

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11
Q

Population

A

The large group which we want to know something about

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12
Q

Random sample

A

Group of people randomly selected to represent group in survey. This group must be diverse in order to truly represent the population

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13
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Watching people in their natural environment
strengths- people act as they normally would
limitations- could act differently if aware of observation (hawthorne effect), can not determine cause and effect, no control over anything

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14
Q

Correlational Studies

A

Figuring out how much 2 variables influence each other in order to predict them.
strengths- make predictions
limitations- third factor could be influencing both or one of the variables, we don’t always know which direction the correlation goes, can not determine causation

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15
Q

Correlational Coefficient

A

The statistical measure of how much 2 things are correlated (r). Can be between -1.00 and 1.00 (closer to -1 or 1 means stronger correlation). Positive means the two variables go either up or down together and negative means one goes up while other goes down

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16
Q

On a scatter plot…

A

Positive correlation goes up and to the right, negative goes down and to the right, no correlation is a mess of dots everywhere

17
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

The belief that there is a relationship where there is none or the belief there is a stronger relationship than there actually is. This can be fed and feed into illusion of control and regression towards the mean

18
Q

Experiment

A

Researching by manipulating one factor in order to determine its effect and holding constant other factors
strengths- can determine cause and effect
limitations- confounding factors

19
Q

Random assignment

A

Randomly assigning people to either control or experimental group to keep groups balanced and prevent results being caused by one group being all guys for example

20
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group receiving treatment

21
Q

Control Group

A

Group that does not receive treatment as they are used as a baseline and comparison

22
Q

Blind and Double Blind Procedures

A

Blind Procedure- participants don’t know whether they’re in control or experimental group
Double Blind Procedure- neither participants or researchers know which group is which
this helps to avoid the placebo effect

23
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Belief that someone is receiving treatment causing results to occur. A placebo is given the control group of an experiment like a drug trial

24
Q

Cross Sectional Research

A

Researchers measure something in a group of people across different age groups at the same time

25
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Researchers measure something within the same group of people as they age

26
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Measure and Describe a set of data

27
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

A single score that represents a set of scores
- mean
- mode
- median

28
Q

Measures of Variability

A

Measure how much a set of scores are similar or different
- range
- standard deviation

29
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Measure of how much a set of scores varies around the mean (low means less and higher means more)

found using the formula square root of sum of deviation squared/# of scores

30
Q

Normal Curve and what it tell us

A
  • The bell shaped distribution most sets of scores fall into
  • 68% will be within 1 standard deviation from mean and 95% will be within 2 standard deviations from mean
31
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Tell us whether or not we can apply a finding to the large group or not

32
Q

What makes results reliable

A
  • representative sample from both groups
  • low variability in scores for both groups
  • large number of cases used to test
33
Q

Statistical Signifigance

A

Tells is that results are not likely to be due to chance (there must be a 95% or higher chance that the results are not due to chance for them to be significant)

34
Q

Informed Consent

A

Participants must know what they are signing up for and fully agree

35
Q

Debrief

A

Participants must be told fully what was being tested and the extent of their results at the end of a study, especially if deception was used

36
Q

Confidentiality

A

Results must be kept private or the participant must agree for them to be shared

37
Q

Lack of coercion

A

Participants can not be coerced into being a part of the study

38
Q

Protection from harm

A

participants must be fully protected from both physical and mental harm during the study

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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