Unit 5 Cameron Winbush

Question 1

Strict Scrutiny

Answer 1

is a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws.

Question 2

Affirmative Action

Answer 2

the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously.

Question 3

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Answer 3

was an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was a five-star general in the United States Army and served as supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe.

Question 4

Rosa Parks

Answer 4

was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has called her “the first lady of civil rights” and “the mother of the freedom movement”.

Question 5

Martin Luther King Jr.

Answer 5

was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.

Question 6

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 6

was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.

Question 7

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)

Answer 7

was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship.

Question 8

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Answer 8

was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

Question 9

Cesar Chavez

Answer 9

was an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962

Question 10

Dolores Huerta

Answer 10

is an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, is a co-founder of the National Farmworkers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers.

Question 11

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund

Answer 11

is a national non-profit civil rights organization formed in 1968 to protect the rights of Latinos in the United States.

Question 12

Abolitionist

Answer 12

a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery.

Question 13

Americans with Disabilities Act

Answer 13

is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability

Question 14

Civil Rights

Answer 14

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

Question 15

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 15

The Civil Rights Act of 1875, sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction era in response to civil rights violations against African Americans.

Question 16

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 16

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, and racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations.

Question 17

Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Answer 17

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that the U.S. Constitution was not meant to include American citizenship for black people.

Question 18

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 18

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women’s rights movement.

Question 19

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 19

The Emancipation Proclamation, or Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It changed the federal legal status of more than 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the designated areas of the South from slave to free.

Question 20

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 20

TheEqual Pay Act of 1963is a United States labor law amending theFairLabor StandardsAct, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex (see Genderpaygap). It was signed into law on June 10,1963, by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program.

Question 21

Equal Protection Clause

Answer 21

is aclausewithin the text of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Theclause, which took effect in 1868, provides “nor shall any State […] deny to any person within its jurisdiction theequal protectionof the laws”.

Question 22

Equal Rights Amendment

Answer 22

a proposed amendment to the US Constitution stating that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one’s sex.

Question 23

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 23

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Question 24

Fourteenth amendment

Answer 24

All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Question 25

Fredrick Douglas

Answer 25

Frederick Douglass was an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his oratory and incisive antislavery writings

Question 26

Grandfather Clause

Answer 26

Agrandfather clause(orgrandfatherpolicy or grandfathering) is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to havegrandfatherrights or acquired rights, or to have been grandfathered in.

Question 27

Harry S. Truman

Answer 27

Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO.

Question 28

Intermediate Standard Of Review

Answer 28

Intermediatescrutiny may be contrasted with “strict scrutiny”, the higherstandard of reviewthat requires narrowly tailored and least restrictive means to further a compelling governmental interest, and “rational basisreview

Question 29

Jim crow laws

Answer 29

Jim Crow lawswere state and locallawsthat enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. Thelawswere enforced until 1965

Question 30

John F. Kennedy

Answer 30

John Fitzgerald “Jack” Kennedy, commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician and journalist who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963

Question 31

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Answer 31

Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, is a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory

Question 32

League of United Latin American Citizens

Answer 32

TheLeague of United Latin American Citizens(LULAC) is the oldest survivingLatinocivil rights organization in the U.S. It was established on February 17, 1929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, largely by Hispanic veterans of World War I who sought to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in theUnitedStates.

Question 33

LGBT COMMUNITY

Answer 33

The LGBT community or GLBT community, also referred to as the gay community, is a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements. These communities generally celebrate pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality

Question 34

Lucretia Mott

Answer 34

Lucretia Mott was a U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840.

Question 35

National American Women Suffrage Association

Answer 35

TheNational Woman Suffrage Association(NWSA) was formed on May 15, 1869 in New York City TheNational Associationwas created in response to a split in the American Equal RightsAssociationover whether thewoman’smovement should support the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Question 36

NAACP

Answer 36

TheNAACP, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, is a civil rights organization founded in 1909 to fight prejudice, lynching, and Jim Crow segregation, and to work for the betterment of “people of color.” W. E.B.

Question 37

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund

Answer 37

TheNAACP Legal Defenseand EducationalFund, Inc. (NAACP LDF, the Inc.Fund,Legal Defenseand EducationalFund, Inc.,, orLDF) is a leading United States civil rights organization andlawfirm based in New York City.

Question 38

National Organization for Women

Answer 38

TheNational Organization for Women(NOW) is an American feministorganizationfounded in 1966. Theorganizationconsists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C.

Question 39

National woman’s party

Answer 39

The National Woman’s Party is an American women’s political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women’s suffrage.

Question 40

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 40

The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex.

Question 41

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 41

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was an American political figure, diplomat and activist. She served as the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1933 to April 12, 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s four terms in office, making her the longest serving First Lady of the United States.

Question 42

Harriet Tubman

Answer 42

Harriet Tubman was an American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved people, family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad

Question 43

Obergefell v. Hodges

Answer 43

Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___, is a landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Question 44

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 44

Plessy v.Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”.

Question 45

Poll tax

Answer 45

a tax levied on every adult, without reference to income or resources

Question 46

Progressive Era

Answer 46

TheProgressive Erawas a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s. The main objectives of theProgressivemovement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption.

Question 47

Rational Basis Standard of review

Answer 47

In U.S. constitutional law,rational basis reviewis the normalstandard of reviewthat courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 48

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 48

The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women’s rights convention. It advertised itself as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman”. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848.

Question 49

Separate but equal doctrine

Answer 49

Separate but equalwas a legaldoctrinein United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equalprotection” under the law to all people.

Question 50

Standards of review

Answer 50

In law, thestandard of reviewis the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal. … Thestandard of reviewmay be set by statute or precedent (stare decisis).

Question 51

Suffrage Movement

Answer 51

19th Amendment. The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’ssuffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1848 themovementfor women’s rights launched on a national level with the Seneca

Question 52

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 52

Susan B. Anthony was an American social reformer and women’s rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17

Question 53

Suspect Classification

Answer 53

In American jurisprudence, a suspect classification is any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination

Question 54

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 54

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction

Question 55

Title IX

Answer 55

Title IX is a federal civil rights law in the United States of America that was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972. This is Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235, codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1688

Question 56

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 56

Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court’s 96th justice and its first African-American justice

Question 57

United States v. Windsor

Answer 57

United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744, is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of “marriage” and “spouse”