Unit 5 - Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Midline:
divides into left and right
Posterior:
Back of body
Anterior:
Front of body
Superior:
Uppermost part of core body
Inferior:
Lowermost part of core body
Proximal:
Uppermost part of Limbs
DIstal:
Lowermost part of Limbs
Medial:
Towards the midline
Lateral:
Away from the midline
Superficial:
Towards the surface of body
Deep:
Within the inside of body
Plane and Axis of Spin
Longitudinal Axis and Trasverse Plane
Plane and Axis of Front Flip
Saggittal Plane and horizontal Axis
Plane and Axis of Cartwheel
Frontal Plane and Anterior-Posterior Axis
Flexion:
Joint is becoming more acute
Extension:
Joint is becoming more obtuse
Abduction:
Moves away from body (Laterally)
Adduction:
Moves towards body (Medial)
Plantar Flexion:
Toes are pushing down (Angle obtuse with ankle)
Dorsiflexion:
Toes are raised up (Angle acute with ankle)
Supination:
Rotating of your palm so your hand is facing forward (Ulna and radius are parallel)
Pronation:
Rotating of your palm so your hand is facing backwards (Ulna and radius are crossed)
Inversion:
Outer edge of your ankle joint
Eversion:
Inner edge of your ankle joint
Internal Rotation:
Turning body inward from midline
External Rotation:
Turning body outward from midline
Elevation:
Movement in upward direction
Opposition:
Thumb closing with finger
Depression:
Movement in downward direction
Circumduction:
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (Softball pitcher doing a windmill motion)
Reposition:
Thumb back to anatomical position
Protraction:
Body part going forward
Retraction:
Body part going back
5 Main Functions of Skeletal System
Structural support: Bracing, rigidity and structure
Protection: For organs
Growth center for cells: Create red blood cells and platelets
Reservoir of minerals: Reservoir to regulate the level of calcium and phosphorus in body
Movement: Muscles attach to bones by tendons and ligaments. Muscles contract and move bones to facilitate movement
5 Types of Bones with function and examples
Long bones: Movement (12 in body; ex. ulna, radius, humorous, femur, tibia, fibula)
Flat bone: Protection (ex. bones of the skull)
Irregular bone: Movement, multifunctionality and protection (ex. vertebrae protects the nervous system and spinal cord)
Sesamoid bone: Structure and movement; connecting tendon to bone (ex. patella)
Short bone: Dexterity and fine motor skills (ex. carpal or wrist bone)
Axial Skeleton
Core - Protect, stabilize
80 bones
Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs - Movement
206 bones
Landmarks
Ridge, bump or grove on the bone as an identifying marker
Ex. Scapula - glenohumeral cavity
Anatomy of Longbone (12 parts)
Cartilage: smooth movement and cushioning
Epiphyseal plate: growth plate and growth capacity
Epiphysis: ends of long bones
Diaphysis: Middle of long bones
Spongy bone: Strengthening and storage for nutrients
Bone marrow: Blood is created (Platelets and white blood cells)
Periosteum: (Muscle to tendon to periosteum)
Compact: Hard Part of bone
Cortex: Outer part
Cartilage: Soft cushion and movement
Tuberosity: Ridge/bump that is used for attachment of tendons
Epicondyle: Sides that stick out
3 Types of Bone Fractures:
Compound, Comminuted and Simple
What is osteoperosis?
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, which can lead to increased risk of fracture
How to prevent/treat osteoperosis
Bone Density
Scans
Weight Bearing Exercises
Balanced Diet in Calcium and Vitamin D
Healthy Lifestyle (No Smoking, Drinking, etc)
3 Types of Joints with examples and definition
Fibrous: Immovable; protection (ex. Joint of skull)
Cartilaginous: Slight movement; protection (ex. Spine and nose)
Synovial (Fluid; allows for smooth movement): Movable; Appendicular (ex. Shoulder ball and socket joining)
Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Periosteum function
Links the muscle to the tendon to the bone
Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Joint Cavity function
Filled with synovial fluid, lubrication in the joint
Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Joint Capsule function
Membrane that holds everything together
Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Tendon function
Attach muscle to bone
Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Blood Vessels function
Nerves; veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart, arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Ligaments function
Connect bone to bone
Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Articular Cartilage function
Cushioning/ Smooth movement
Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Bursae
Friction Points
6 Types of Synovial Joints with examples and definition
Ball and Socket: (ex. Hip and Shoulder)
Gliding: (ex. Tarsals and Carpals)
Hinge: Operates like a door, two directions (ex. Jaw)
Pivot: Twists (ex. Neck)
Sattle: Joint movement in two planes (ex. Thumb)
Elipsoid: Joint movement in two planes (ex. Wrist)
Dislocation
a bone is displaced from its joint
separation
A separation is more serious than a dislocation. In a shoulder separation, the ligaments attaching the collarbone (clavicle) and shoulder blade (scapula) are disrupted.
sprain
an injury to the ligaments around a joint