unit 5 (1844-1877) Flashcards
What period is unit 5 in?
1844-1877
Manifest Destiny
- the belief that it was the God-given mission of the United States to expand its territory and spread its political and cultural values across the entire continent
- used to justify the acquisition of new territory, such as the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) and the annexation of Texas,
-forced relocation of Native American tribes during the Indian Removal era.
Significance of John O’ Sullivan
Term “Manifest Destiny” coined in 1845, significant impact on American politics and foreign policy in decades leading to Civil War
Market Revolution/Economic Revolution in unit 5 significance?
- increased the connectedness of the North and West through communication and transportation innovations like the telegraph and railroad
- increased demand for land and resources led to the destruction of natural habitats, deforestation, and the pollution of water and air.
Antebellum Reform Movements
urged Americans to change society for the better through movements, included:
-Temperance
- Women’s Rights
- Abolitionism
Temperance Movement
social movement that aimed to reduce/eliminate the consumption of alcohol
alcohol = social problems, poverty, crime, domestric abuse - more moreal/orderly society
led by women, often victims of negative consequences of abuse (ex: WCTU, WTM)
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
an organization established in 1874 that advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, believing it to be the root cause of societal problems like domestic violence and poverty.
Women’s Temperance Movement
led by women who were concerned about the destructive power of alcohol and its effects on families
They campaigned for stricter laws around alcohol consumption.
What did the Temperance Movement lead to?
- the passage of state-level Prohibition laws, which banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in some states
- the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol nationwide from 1920 to 1933.
What is the goal of the women’s rights movement?
To advocate for the equal treatment and rights for women, saw significant advances for women’s rights during 1844-1877
What occurred during the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848?
Susan B. Anthony - prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th-century women’s rights movement to introduce women’s suffrage
Elizabeth Cady Stanton - wrote Declaration of Sentiments as a call to arms for female equality during Seneca Falls Convention
Declaration of Sentiments
A document signed by 68 women and 32 men at Seneca Falls Convention which demanded equality with men before the law, in education and employment.
What occurred during the Civil War that led to a contribution to the Women’s Rights Movement?
many women became active in abolitionist and suffrage movements, and their participation in these causes helped to further the cause of women’s rights
What led to the formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) in 1869?
The ratification of the 14th and 15th amendment, granting citizenship and voting rights to African American MEN, but not WOMEN
-focused on securing voting rights for women through a federal amendment to the Constitution.
Abolitionist Movement
a social and political movement in the United States that aimed to end slavery and the slave trade
What prominent figures used speeches, writings, and protests to raise awareness and mobilize support for the abolitionist cause?
William Lloyd Garrison and John Brown
What abolitionists used their experience as former slaves to educate other about the horrors of slavery?
Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman
Utopian Communities Movement
a series of communities established in the 19th century in the United States that aimed to create a perfect society based on principles of equality, cooperation, and social harmony
Example of Utopian Communities
Oneida Community - a religious commune, practiced “Perfectionism,” a form of Christianity with distinctive views on sin and salvation. (complex marriages)
Public School Movement
an effort in the early to mid-19th century to establish public education systems throughout the U.S., aimed at providing free education for all children.
What treaty ended the Mexican-American War?
In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed, Mexico cede 55% of its territory
What debates occurred after the Mexican Cession
Intense debates over the expansion of slavery
Compromise of 1850
In order to ease anti v. pro slavery advocates, Henry Clay introduced a stronger Fugitive Slave Act and the idea of Popular Sovereignty.
- temporarily defused tensions between slave and free states in the years leading up to the American Civil War.
Fugitive Slave Act
originially intended to mark a compromise to the fact that California would enter the Union as a free state
- required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state
Popular Sovereignty and the Kansas-Nebraska Act
repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty
-produced “Bleeding Kansas”
Bleeding Kansas
a period of violent conflict in the Kansas Territory in the 1850s, which was driven by the struggle between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions over the issue of whether or not to allow slavery in the territory.
Dred Scott Case
1857 Supreme Court decision that rejected the claim of a slave, who argued that time spent with his owner in regions that barred slavery had made him a free man
Who won the presidential election of 1860 and why?
Lincoln, with a victory in both the popular vote and the electoral vote
What events happened that contributed to the Civil War after the presidential election of 1860?
South Carolina, followed by several southern states, seceded from the Union
Battle of Fort Sumter
triggered the Civil Wa
- South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861
What advantages did the North have during the Civil War?
population, money, transportation, industrial output, and Lincoln’s leadership.
What advantages did the South have during the Civil War?
South had more competent generals and the “hope” of a foreign alliance gained from King Cotton Diplomacy.
Battle of Antietam
The bloodiest day in history, leading Lincoln to issue his Emancipation Proclamation freeing all the slaves in the REBELLING states.
Battle of Gettysburg
served as the turning point of the war in 1863
Battle of Vicksburg
separated the Confederacy and allowed the Union full control of the Mississippi River
Appomattox Court House
Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to General Ulysses Grant in April 1865
What did Lincoln plan before he was assassinated
He proposed the 10% plan, allowing re-admittance to the Union after 10% of eligible voters take the oath of allegiance
- Once Confederates pledged allegiance to the Union and agreed to the emancipation of all the slaves, they could be pardoned
Who took over after Lincoln was assassinated?
Andrew Johnson
How dod Andrew Johnson contribute to Reconstruction?
- lenient on ex-confederates and overlooked certain states’ passage of the Black Codes, limiting the rights of freedmen
- vetoed several bills passed by Congress, which resulted in a clash between the president and Congress.
Reconstruction Act of 1867
- created military reconstruction, the military enforced laws protecting freedmen
- the Freedmen’s Bureau provided much-needed social and political support for freed blacks.
13th Amendment
Outlawed slavery
14th Amendment
Provided citizenship for black males
15th amendment
gave suffrage for black males
What were the failures of reconstruction, Amendments were haphazardly enforced,
- Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws
-KKK, other terrorist groups
Black Codes
undermined the amendments and allowed local governments to pass absurd laws that resulted in many freedmen’s arrests and forced labor.
KKK and other terrorist groups significance?
ose and terrorized black families and communities
What ended Reconstruction
The Compromise of 1877, an informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Writer of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel critical of the practice of slavery and leading to tension between the North and the South over the institution.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
a law passed in 1854 that allowed the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether they would allow slavery within their borders.
John Brown’s Raid
Unsuccessful raid of the Virginia arsenal at Harpers Ferry by abolitionist John Brown that led to his eventual hanging.
Scalawags
White southerners who collaborated with northerners during Reconstruction.
Carpetbaggers
White northerners who came south during Reconstruction to benefit financially from opportunity or to help support the assimilation of slaves into society.
Free Soil Party
short-lived political party in the United States active from 1848 to 1854 that opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories
Effects of Reconstruction and Civil War ending slavery?
altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.
Effects of U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians
increase in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups’ economic self-sufficiency and cultures.
Causes for increase in western migratoin
Desire for access to natural and mineral resources/economic opportunities
ex: Californian Gold Rush
- Religious refuge
Free Soil Movement
Expansion of slavery is incompatible with free labor
