unit 2 (1607-1745) Flashcards
What period is unit 2?
1607-1745
How did Spain colonize the Americas?
To extract wealth, through cash crops and mining, by converting and exploiting Native Americans. They also developed the caste system, a racial hierarchy that favored Europeans
How did the French colonial policies differ from other European colonizers?
The French were more interested in trade, especially fish and fur. There were relatively few French people. Most trading settlements were located in North America and Quebec. Additionally, married Native American wives to further economic goals and keep kinship.
Which group of people mutually benefitted by culturally exchanging with the French?
The Ojibwe Indians; prepare beaver skin for sale, french introduce manufactured claw and iron cookware
What was the significance of the Dutch in American colonization?
Developed Fur trade in Hudson River (economic goals); New Amsterdam: a hub of trade attracting merchants, traders, etc.
What were the motivations of British colonization?
Context: Inflation in britihs economy - feudalism deteriorating due to the Encolsure Movement.
New economic opportunities, land opportunities, religious freedom, improved living conditions.
Significance of Jamestown
Founded by joint stock companies, a purely profit-driven venture, divided time searching for gold and silver and building military forces to defend wealth
first two years, disease and famine
discovering of tobacco - indentured servants cultivated
Took lands from Natives, led to Native raids - led to Bacon’s rebellions
What is a joint stock company
private business entity in which several different investors put money into a pot and collected profits when entity was successful
What are indentured servants?
A major labor system in the colonies, people who couldn’t afford passage to the New World, so they signed a labor contract that paid for that passage. Work for 7 years then free.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Governor William Berkley refused the sending of troops to protect Jamestown citizens from Native American raids. Nathaniel Bacon leads poor farmers and indentured servants in an attack against the Indiands then turned their anger towards the tobacco plantations owner. by the governor, burned, but rebellion squashed.
Effect: planter elites gain fear w respect to indentured servants, lean more heavily on African slavery
Significance of sugarcane
Labor-intensive crop, popular in Europe. Increase in demand, increase for enslaved people
Middle Colonies
Emerging elite wealthy class and lower working class, + significant pop of African slaves
Pennsylvania - religious freedom lands
Mayflower Compact
Democratic governance (large distance from Britain), pilgrims signed organizing a self-governing church congregation - dominate by elite class
House of Burgesses
Virginian representative assembly, levy taxes + pass laws - dominate by elite class
Triangular Trade
Merchant ships carrying specialized goods/resources across the Atlantic ocean - Europe, Africa, Americas (included middle passage)
Mercantalism
Economic lens that there was only a fixed amount of wealth in the world, measured by gold and silver (more exports than imports) - relief on colonies for raw materials
Navigation Act
Required colonies to trade with english colonies and english owned ships, valuable trade items pass exclusively through British ports (taxed)
What type of slave codes was demonstrated in America?
Chattel
What types of resistance was used by African slaves?
Overt and Covert
Covert: secretly maintain cultural customs from their homeland, broke tools/faked illness
Overt: Stono Rebellion
Stono Rebellion
South Carolina 1739: small group of slaves stole weapons from a store and killed its owners, marched along stono river - burned plantations + killed white folks
What is the Pueblo Revolt?
Natives v. Spanish
Metacom’s War (King Phillip’s War)
Metacom believe British must be forced out, attack white settlements + burned fields, British ally w Mohawk Indians + defeat Metacom
What is the Enlightenment?
Rational thinking over religious revelations, dominate colonies bc of robust transatlantic print culture - spread Enlightenment ideas
Introduce natural rights
What are natural rights?
People have in born rights given to them by God/a creator + a government with balancing powers (split gov into three powers) checks & balances
Social contract
People are in a social contract with the government, people give power to government, government power to protect their natural rights, can overthrow if not follow
New Light Clergy
Preach against enlightenment, lead to significant religious + social upheavals - Great Awakening
Great Awakening
Massive Religious revival, swept through colonies - generating intense Christian enthusiasm, bound colonies together (true American identity)
Notable leaders: Jonathan Edwards + George Whitfield (preacher)
Anglicanization
Becoming more English-like, developing auto political communities (like England), rising frustration w British)
ex: Practice of impressment - seizing colonial men + forcing them to serve in Royal Navy
Colonies becoming increasingly aware of their natural rights
