unit 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards
what period is unit 4
1800-1848
What two main debates were discussed by the federalists and republicans?
1) American relations with foreign powers
2) Scope of federal powers in America
Barbary pirates
a series of naval engagements launched by President Jefferson to stop the attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates. The war was inconclusive, and afterwards, the U.S. paid tributes to the Barbary states to protect their ships from pirate attacks.
Strict constructionist
The fed gov was only able to do written in the constitution - believed by the REPUBLICANS
Loose constuctionist
Federal gov had mor flexibility with written constitution, could do more than what was written - believed by FEDERALISTS
Louisiana Purchase
After the Haitian Revolution, Jefferson saw navigation rights in Missippi - sent James Monroe to New Orleans (French Territory), bought territory for $15MIL
How did Jefferson’s views affect his reasoning and justifications after the Louisiana Purchase?
His views as a strict constructionist led to his reasoning that by owning the new land,
- the indians could be removed allowing for further westward expansion
- cut off European influence
-open up trading
- further agrarian dream for nation of yeoman farmers
Corps of discovery
Led by Meriwether Lewis + William Clark
- 1804 begin exploration of Louisiana territory
- More accurate mapping of territory
- Greater geographic + scientific knowledge of region
- Further diplomatic relations w indians who lived there
Marbury v. Madison
Led by chief justice, John Marshall - under the judiciary act, Marbury deserved commission
- Ultimately decide that court has final interpreter of constitution
-Judicial Review established - declared judiciary act unconstitutional
- Marbury would not receive commission
- Effect of increase of power in supreme court
Judiciary Act
Created 16 new spots for federal judges in US
Mcculloch v Maryland
Result: Supreme Court decides that Federal Law TRUMPS State Law
War of 1812
France v. Britain - kept both seizing merchant ships
-Federalists greatly opposed/Republicans support
-America wins, victory created intense nationalism
- Final demise of federalists
- Showed weakness: No national banks (hard to raise funds), difficult to move men/supplies
Impressment
British ships forcibly capturing American ships + serve in navy
Hartford Convention
Discuss War of 1812, how to end war - New England should secede from Union
Era of Good Feelings
National unity under democratic republican party, debates raged on
Henry Clay’s American System
Intentions of unifying American economy
- Federally funded internal improvements (veto by president Madison)
- Impelemtation of protective tariffs (tax on imported goods)
- Re-establish Bank of US
Tallmadge Amendment
Prohibited slavery in new states, massive opposition - balance of free/slave states
- Threatened to break up union
Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise)
Bring in Missouri as SLAVE state, Maine as FREE state
-Balance preserved
-Southern border of Missouri (36/30 line) line separate slave v free territory (with the exception of Missouri)
Who won 1816 Presidential election
James Madison
Why/Where was John Quincy Adams sent to?
London, to establish +negotiate treaties establishing US Canadian border at 49th parallel + estab. joint US British occupation of OREGON territory
Adams-Onis Treaty
Spain sells FLORIDA to US + estab Southern border
Monroe Doctrine
Estab. Western hemisphere as a US sphere of influence perpetually free of European influence
DOG PISS RAAAAA
Market Revolution
Linking of Northern industries w Western + Southern farms -
created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation
Cotton Gin + Spinning Machine Effects
Revolutionized Southern agriculture + Northern industry
Cotton Gin
Significantly sped up process of separating seeds from cotton fibers
Spinning Machine
Sped up process of spinning cotton. into yarn
Interchangable parts
Machines produced various parts of weapons, machinery, etc. - assemble them all together
American System of Manufacturing
- Water powered machines
- Division of labor into small repeatable tasks performed by unskilled laborers
MASS PRODUCTION
Steam Power
Trading vessels can move up and down rivers
Erie Canal
Human-made waterway in New York that allowed for economic benefits - huge campaign for more canals
What new technology replaced canals
Government funded railroads
What was the effect of the development of new technology in America
The american industry became more interconnected and interdependent + promote growth of western agriculutre
How did American society change during the Market Revolution
North industrail cities exploded in both population and diversity - 2MIL immigrants (Irish +German) migrate, fueled industry due to new cheap labor pools
-Immigrants migrate west + settle on frontier
- Those migrating west transformed urban areas
- Growing lower poor class
- Crowded themselves into tenements (low sanitation spread diseases)
Middle class
Business men, journalists, lawyers, doctors, shopkeepers - spent money of leisure activities: plays, circuses, sporting events
Cult of domesticity
A women’s identity + sense of purpose revolved around childbearing + making her home a haven of rest for her husband
- Seperate spheres for sexes - take holds in middle/higher classes in society
Who could only vote at the time?
Property-owning white males
How did voting progress
Changed to demands of working men + small farmers + frontier settlers
Panic of 1819
Causes:
Irresponsible banking practices + Decreased demand for exports
Effects: Working men demand the franchise (hold politicians accountable but can’t vote) see frontier states who allow universal white male suffrage 1825: Universal suffrage
the start of a two-year depression caused by extensive speculation, the loose lending practices of state banks, a decline in European demand for American staple goods, and mismanagement within the second Bank of the United States
What was the effect of the influx of new votes?
Growth + Realignment of political parties
What did the elections of 1824 lead to?
A split in the democratic republican party - two factions
-National Republicans
-Democrats
National Republicans
- Expanded view of federal power
- Loose Constructionists
Democrats
- Restrict fed power
- Strict Constructionist
What key political figures were national republicans?
John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay
What key political figures were democrats?
Andrew Jackson
Corrupt Bargain
Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but ultimately the House of Representatives chose the presidents which chose Adams due to the support provided by Henry Clay who in turn was appointed Secretary
Who won the election of 1828?
Andrew Jackson
Who led the Whigs party
Henry Clay
Tariff of 1828
Increased import duties by Adams:
- Manufacturers and western farmed SUPPORTED since it protected their industry
- Southerners OPPOSE - relied on imported goods (Tariff of Abominations)
Nullification
States had power to determine constitutionality of federal laws and if unconstitutional then could nullify
Force Bill
Authority to use federal troops to enforce federal laws in South Carolina
What did Andrew Jackson veto during his presidency?
The second national bank since state banks began closing because it couldn’t pay to national banks leading to worthless money
Indian Removal Act
allowed the President to “exchange” lands west of the Mississippi (that the young country had received a few decades before as a result of the Louisiana Purchase) for the land that indigenous people occupied within existing state boundaries
EX: Cherokee nation in Georgiea - declared soverign nation
Worchester V Georgia
Court rules that Cherokees was soverign + Georgia had no right to impose state laws within their boundaries (WIN Cherokees)
-led to Treaty of New Echota
Treaty of New Echota
Exchanged CHerokee land in Georgia for reservation territory west of Missippi River
Trail of Tears
The Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma
Transcendentalism
Based on European romanticism + belief in human perfectability, belief in transcendent power and beauty of nature
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Moral perfectionism could be achieved
Utopian Communities
values of democracy and equality
ex: Oreida Community - complex marriage, live communally/equally
2nd Great Awakening
Angelical preachers: included everyone
- Camp meetings: egalitarian
-South Baptists plit from Norht Baptist Abolitionsits
Charles Finney
Preachings popular - moral refirmations of society led to the temperance movement and American Temperance Society
Temperance Movement
The opposition against the consumption of alcohol
American Temperance Society
Directed towards working men abusing alcohol
What innovations did the Second Great Awakening set the stage for on the Christian faith?
Mormonism, founded by Joseph Smith: all churches in America had strayed from true teachings
-Book of Mormon
- Allowed polygamy –> persecution
What was The Liberator?
An 1831 published newspaper by William Loyd Garrison arguing that white ppl needed to take a stand v. slavery through moral persuasion (not violence) led to Antislavery society
What was one misconception on the opinions of slavery in the North?
All northeners were abolitionists. This is not true since northern manufacturers and merchants feared abolition bc of its potential effects on the cotton and sugar trade
-White working men also felt threatened bc jobs could be in peril
-Hard for women to advocate for cause since of their status –> More rights for theirselves
How was the abolitionist and women’s movement connected
They both grew together since it was hard for women to advocate for cause since of their status –> More rights for themselves
Seneca Falls Convention
First women’s rights conference in America - drafted Declaration of Sentiments demands equal education, legal rights, and voting
How did Southern farmers benefit from expanding West?
Increased plantations and profits, creating a wealthy plantation aristocracy.
-Led to harsh conditions/labor to protect lifestyle
What is one way slaves developed a cultural aspect through the harsh conditions of plantations?
They sang songs that expressed their despair and hopes.
Why were slave owners so harsh in their treatment?
They feared slave uprising, such as the Haitian Revolutioon
Nat Turner’s RebellIon
Nat Turner and his followers had killed over 50 white people, all hanged but increased fear, harsher discipline
Yeoman farmers
White southern farmers with no slaves, believed in the racial hierarchy
What environmental effect led to slavery growing in the West?
Soil depletion due to overfarming
