unit 3 (1754-1800) Flashcards
What period is unit 3 through?
1745-1800s
What larger conflict is the French and Indian War part of?
The Seven Years’ War
What was the initial conflicts of the French and Indian War?
Territorial disputes
What did Benjamin Franklin propose and what did it call for?
The Albany Plan of Union, it called for a more centralized government in the colonies for western defense against the French and Indian War - Laid future for revolutionary congress
What was the result of the Seven Years’ War?
The British won, signed the Treaty of Paris - Louisiana lands given to Spain, gain land east of Mississippi River
What proclamation forbid colonists from taking land west of the Appalachian mountains and Ohio River Valley?
The Royal Proclamation of 1763, frustrated colonists.
What was a major consequence of the French and Indian War?
War expenses, British debt doubled so implemented taxes.
What is salutary neglect?
The British turning a “blind eye” to colonist activities in America. It gave the colonists that they were managing their own affairs without parliament involvement.
Quartering Act of 1765
Imperial troops remain in colonies to enforce acts
Sugar Act
Imposed taxes on molasses, wine, and coffee.
Stamp Act
Taxes on all paper items, threatening to colonies since declining wages and increasing unemployment
Virtual Representation
Members of parliament represented all classes of British citizens.
Stamp Act Congress
Full petition to parliament to repeal Stamp Act - Taxation without Representation (considered tyranny)
What is one misconception in the arguments against the taxes enforced by the parliament
British citizens were not trying to gain independence and instead wanted full rights as British citizens.
How did British citizens in the colonies rebel against the taxation?
Protests, destruction of property, and threats to tax collectors - leading to Parliament repealing the Stamp and Sugar Act
Townshend Acts
Taxes on imported resources to colonies, included glass, paper, and tea.
What was the response to the Townshend Acts by the colonists?
Protests on boycotts on British goods, women spun their own cloth, brew their on tea.
Boston Massacre
Young men harassed British soldiers, threw objects at them - led to 11 wounded, 4 dead colonists. Led to argument of increasing British tyranny.
Boston Tea Party
Response to Tea Act, threw tons of tea into Boston harbor
Coercive Acts
Closed down Boston harbor until tea costs were fully compensated, approved new quartering act as well
Intolerable Acts
New pieces of legislation and taxation passed by Parliament. Five laws that were passed by the British Parliament against the American Colonies in 1774
Patriots
Armed groups vowed to protect themselves against British tyranny
Natural Rights
All human beings are endowed w certian rights by God (not gov), gov can never take them away
Social Contract
The power to govern is in hands of ppl give some to create gov capable of protecting their natural rights
Separation of Powers
Enables various branches to check and balance the power of others
Common Sense
Estab by Thomas Payne, explained necessity of independence from Britain through Enlightenment ideas - majority of colonists convinced
Declaration of Independence
Enlightenment ideas, natural rights, and social contract - adopted July 1776
Loyalists
Party that remained loyal to Britain
Continental Army
George Washington leader, began fighting British army - Americans lost lots of ppl - seek help to foreign powers
Battle of Saratoga
Turning point that led to French allying with America - provide ships, guns, etc.
Battle of Yorktown
British surrender, establish American independence
Effects of American Revolution
Inspired other revolutions around the world including France and Haitian
Articles of Confederation
Put power of government in lawmaking body (ratified in 1781)
All power for federal gov put into legislative (no power for president, no judicial gov, no military force, very limited power to tax)
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
1) Provided plan for admitting new states to the Union from the territory
2) Abolished slavery in north west territory
Shays’ Rebellion
Farmers in debt, many unable to pay debts because of taxes and inflations
David Shays gathered thousands of other farmers to rebel - displayed weakness of Articles of Confederation
1787 Constitutional Convention
Discuss weakness of Articles of Confederation, new Constitution for US.
Federalist
More urban folks with commercial backgrounds, wanted stronger CENTRAL government
Anti-Federalists
More rural folks, liked STATES having the power, opposed increase in federal government power
Most debated question in the 1787 Constitutional Convention
How would the people be represented in the new government?
Virginia Plan
Representation by population, favored BIG STATES
New Jersey Plan
Equal representation regardless of population, favored SMALL STATES
The Great Compromise
Legislative Branch split into TWO houses, House of Representatives (states represented by POPULATION), Senate (states would have 2 votes each)
House of Representatives
States represented by POPULATION
Senate
States would have 2 votes each
Three-Fifths Compromise
Count all slaves in a state, take 3/5ths of # of slaves –> how many seats in House of Representatives
-three out of every five slaves was counted when determining a state’s total population for legislative representation and taxation.
New Constitution 1787
-Provided for more robust central gov
- Split gov into three branches
-Legislative, Executive, Judicial
-Ratified in 1789
Federalist papers
Persuasive essays created to convince public of the merits of the new constitution
Bill of Rights
- Protect individual liberties against federal government
-Guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual—like freedom of speech, press, and religion.
Republican Motherhood
Women could influence political realities by raising virtuous sons in the political relm
1st Vice President
John Adams
George Washington
- Estab treasury, state, war, justice
Alexander Hamilton
- Drove plan for fed gov to assume war debts (bind nations together + improve credit)
- National Bank (many argued that Constitution made no provision for a bank)
-Elastic Clause (Congress has right to make decisions necessary/proper to carry out other responsibilities) - bank was necessary since of taxation + interstate commerce
What party were Washington and Hamilton
Federalists
Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton’s tax on whiskey - angry poor frontier farmers –> attack tax collectors –> Washington use military army (democratic republicans argue for federal overreach)
Democratic Republicans (Jeffersonian Republican Party)
Emphasized local and humanitarian concerns, states’ rights, agrarian interests, and democratic procedures.
James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were part of what party?
Democratic Republicans
Washington’s Farewell Address
Cautioned nation of formation of political parties + entangling in European/foreign alliances
XYZ Affair
Diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War
-demand for a bribe from the American delegation.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Made it legal to deport any noncitizen of US, growing Irish + Scottish immigrants opposed
-Made it illegal to criticize government publicly
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Democratic Republicans argue that any law passed by fed gov considered unconstitutional can be NULLIFIED
Relations between US with Spain, Britain, and Native Americans
Threats to US political sovereignty, pass Indian Trade and Intercourse Act
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act
Regulated relationship among settlers + Natives for fair dealings
-Settlers largely ignored, increasing westward migration
Pinckney Treaty
Ultimately decided US - Spanish border
- Estab. at 31st parallel
What was happening to the black and slave populations in the NORTH?
Increasing population of free blacks, granted free blacks with property the right to vote (New Jersey)
African Methodist Episcopal Church
Philadelphian first African American church nomination
What was happening to the black and slave populations in the SOUTH?
Increasing slave populations, new legislation made it impossible to free slaves
-Slave/plantation owners migrate west, brought slaves + estab institution
