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Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

Individuals will use shared/public resources in their own self interest, degrading them

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2
Q

Externalities

A

negative costs associated with a human actions, that aren’t accounted for in the price

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3
Q

Effects of Clearcutting

Soil Erosion, Increased soil & _____ temp, Flooding and ________

A

stream

Landslides

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4
Q

Tree Plantations

A

Areas where the same species are repeatedly planted, grown, and harvested.

Lowers Biodiversity

All the Same Age

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5
Q

Forest Benefits
1. Filtering of ____________
2. Removal and ____________ from atmosphere
3. Habitat for ___________

A

Air Pollutants

storage of CO2

organisms

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6
Q

Deforestation Consequences

Reduces air _________ and carbon storing services

Cutting trees down releases CO2 from ___________ of leftover organic _________

A

filtering

decomposition

material

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7
Q

Slash and Burn Method of ______ land for agriculture by cutting trees and _________ them releases Co2, _____ and water vapor into the __________ (all ____________)

A

clearing

burning

N2O

atmosphere

Greenhouse gasses

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8
Q

The Green Revolution

Shift in __________ away from small, family operated farms to large, ___________ scale agribusiness

Increased use of _______, GMOS, irrigation, __________, and __________

A

agriculture

industrial

mechanization

fertilizers

pesticides

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9
Q

Monocropping

A

Growing one single species of crop

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10
Q

Tilling

A

Mixing and breaking up soil to make planting easier

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11
Q

Leaching

A

water carries excess nutrients into groundwater or into surface waters (as runoff)

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12
Q

Furrow Irrigation

A

Trench dug along crops and filled with water

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13
Q

Drip Irrigation

A

Most efficient but costly. Holes in hose allows waters to slowly drip out.

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14
Q

Flood Irrigation

A

Flood entire field easier but more disruptive to plants

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15
Q

Spray Irrigation

A

Ground or surface water pumped into spray nozzles

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16
Q

Waterlogging

A

Over Watering can saturate the soil, filling all soil pore space with water

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17
Q

Soil Salinization

A

Salinization is the process of salt building up in a soil over time

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18
Q

Pesticides

A

can cause pests to become resista overuse

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19
Q

CAFOs (feedlots)

A

Densely crowded method where animals are fed grain (corn) to raise them to as quickly as possible

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20
Q

Manure Lagoons

A

Large, open storage pits for animal waste

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21
Q

Free Range Grazing

A

Animals (usually cows) graze on grass and grow at a natural rate without growth hormones.

22
Q

Overgrazing

A

Too many animals grazing an area of land remove all vegetation which bad to topsoil erosion

23
Q

Desertification

If plants are killed by ________ and soil is compacted so much that it cant hold enough ______ anymore

A

overgrazing

water

24
Q

Fisheries

A

populations of fish used for commercial fishing

25
Q

Fishery Collapse

A

When overfishing causes 90% population decline in a fishery

26
Q

Bottom Trawling

A

Very harmful fishing method that involves dragging a large net along ocean floor

27
Q

Bycatch

A

unintended species like dolphins, whales, turtles caught in nets

28
Q

Ore

Commercially _____ deposits of concentrated _______ that can be harvested and used as ___ materials

A

valuable

minerals

raw

29
Q

Metals

Elements that conduct _________, heat, and have structural properties for ________ (found within ores)

A

electricity

building

30
Q

Reserve

The known amount of a _____ left that can be mined. Usually measured in years left of _______.

A

resource

extraction

31
Q

Overburden

A

Soil, vegetation, and rocks that are removed to get to an ore deposit below

32
Q

Tailings and slag

A

Leftover waste material separated from the valuable metal or mineral within ore

33
Q

Surface Mining

A

Removal of overburden to access ore near surface

34
Q

Urbanization

A

Removing of vegetation to convert natural landscape to city (urban)

35
Q

Ecological Footprint

A

Measure of how much a person/group consumes, expressed in area of land

36
Q

Carbon Footprint

A

Measured in tonnes of CO2 produced per year

37
Q

Sustainability

A

Consuming a resource or using a space in a way that does not deplete or degrade it for future generations

38
Q

Maximum sustainable yield

A

The maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without reducing or depleting the resource for future use

39
Q

Env. Indicators of Sustainability

A

Factors that help us determine the health of the environment and guide us towards sustainable use of earth’s resources

40
Q

IPM Basics

A

Using a variety of pest control methods that minimize env. disruption and pesticide use

41
Q

Biocontrol

A

Bringing in a natural predator or parasite to control the pest

42
Q

Intercropping

Push plants emit volatile _______ that naturally ______ pests away from crop

Pull plants emit chemicals that attract ______ to lay eggs in them instead of ______

A

chemicals

repel

moths

crop

43
Q

Contour Plowing

Plowing parallel to natural ______ of land instead of down slopes prevents water ________ and soil erosion

A

slopes

runoff

44
Q

Terracing

A

Cutting Flat platforms of soil into a steep slope

45
Q

Perennial Crops

A

Crops that live year round and are harvested numerous times

46
Q

Windbreaks

A

Using trees or other plants to block the force of wind from eroding topsoil

47
Q

No Till

A

Leaving leftover crop remains in soil instead of tilling under

48
Q

Strip Cropping (Intercropping)

Alternating rows of _______ crops with rows of less dense crops to prevent ______ from eroding soil less dense ____ of crops

A

dense

runoff

rows

49
Q

Green Manure

Leftover plant matter from a ______ crop - crop planted in the _______ between harvest and ________ of main crop

A

cover

offseason

replanting

50
Q

Rotational Grazing

Regular ______ of livestock to different pastures to prevent ______

A

rotation

overgrazing

51
Q

Aquaculture

A

Raising rich or other aquatic species in cages/enclosures underwater

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