4.3-4.7

Question 1

Geological (rock) portion of soil is made up of 3 particles

Answer 1

(biggest to smallest)
Sand>Silt >Clay

Question 2

_________ is the % of sand, silt, and clay in a ____

Always adds up to ____%

Answer 2

Soil Texture

soil

100

Question 3

B/c sand is bigger, it has bigger _____ (empty spaces between ________)

This allows _________ to enter sandy soil easily.

Clay has ________ pores, so its harder for __________ to enter _______ soils

Answer 3

pores

particles

air + water

smallest

air + water

clay-heavy

Question 4

______ is the amount of ______ space a soil has.

More ______ in a soil = more porous/higher ______ (easier for water + air to enter).
More ______ in a soil = less porous/less ______ (harder for water + air to enter).

Answer 4

Porosity
Pore
Sand
Porosity
Clay

Question 5

______ texture is determined by ______, ______, ______%.

Ex: ______ = 40-40-20, sand, silt, clay
45% ______, 35% ______, 20% ______.

Answer 5

Soil
Clay
Sand
Silt
Loam
Sand
Silt
Clay

Question 6

______: the pore space within a soil (more ______, more porous).
______: how easily water drains through a soil.

More porous/higher ______ = more permeable/higher ______.
Positive relationship between ______ + ______.

______ Holding Capacity: how well water is retained, or held by a soil.

More porous/permeable = lower ______ holding capacity.
Inverse relationship between ______/______ and ______ holding capacity.

Answer 6

Porosity
Sand
Permeability
Porosity
Permeability
H2O
H2O
Porosity
Permeability
H2O

Question 7

Soil that is too _____ (too permeable) drains water too quickly for ____________ out

Answer 7

sandy

roots + dries

Question 8

______-heavy soil doesn’t let ______ drain to roots, or waterlogs (suffocating them).

Answer 8

Clay
H2O

Question 9

Ideal soil for most plant growth is ______, which balances ______ or drainage, with ______ holding capacity.

Answer 9

Loam
Porosity
H2O

Question 10

Soil Fertility

Answer 10

Ability of soil to support plant growth

Question 11

Here’s your text with blanks, followed by the words I removed:

Factors that increase soil nutrients:

______ (releases nutrients)
______ (holds and releases nutrients)
______ activity (recycles nutrients)
______ (negative charge binds positive nutrients)
______ (Calcium carbonate - limestone)

Answer 11

Organic matter
Humus
Decomposer
Clay
Bases

Question 12

Factors that increase H2O holding capacity:

______ soil (biological activity)
______/______/______ matter
______ content
______ structure, especially natives

Answer 12

Aerated
Compost
Humus
Organic
Clay
Root

Question 13

Here’s your text with blanks, followed by the words I removed:

Factors that decrease H2O holding capacity:

______ soil (machines, cows)
______ erosion
______
______ loss

Answer 13

Compacted
Topsoil
Sand
Root

Question 14

Gases of Earth’s Atmosphere:

______ - 78%
______ - 21%
______ - 0.93%
______ Vapor - 0.4%
______ - 0.04%

Answer 14

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Water
CO2

Question 15

Exosphere

Answer 15

Outermost layer where atm. merges with space

Question 16

______
______ = hottest temp.

Absorbs harmful ______ & ______ radiation
Charged gas molecules glow under intense solar radiation, producing ______ (aurora borealis)

Answer 16

Thermosphere
Therm
X-rays
UV
Northern lights

Question 17

Meso = for middle 60-80 km, even less dense

Answer 17

Mesosphere

Question 18

______
______ for second - 16-60 km; less dense due to less pressure from layers above.

Thickest ______ layer is found here; absorbs ______ & ______ rays which can mutate DNA of animals (cancer).

Answer 18

Stratosphere
S
O3
UV-B
UV-C

Question 18

______:
______ = change (weather occurs here) - 0-16 km, most dense due to pressure of other layers above it.

Most of atmosphere’s ______ molecules are found here.

______ (O3) in the troposphere is harmful to humans (respiratory irritant & damages plant stomata, and forms ______).

Answer 18

Troposphere
Tropo
Gas
Ozone
Smog

Question 19

Layers of Earth’s atmosphere are based on where ______ gradients change with distance from Earth’s surface.

Answer 19

Temperature

Question 20

______: Temp. increases due to absorption of highly energetic ______ radiation.

Hottest place on Earth (______°F).

Answer 20

Thermosphere
Solar
3,100

Question 21

______: Temp. decreases because density ______, leaving fewer molecules to absorb Sun.

Coldest place on Earth (______°F).

Answer 21

Mesosphere
Decreases
-150

Question 22

______: Temp. increases because top layer of ______ is warmed by UV rays (______).

Answer 22

Stratosphere
Stratosphere
Lithosphere

Question 23

______: Temp. decreases as air gets further from warmth of Earth’s ______.

Answer 23

Troposphere
Surface

Question 24

Wind Patterns More direct sunlight at ______ warms air. Warm air rises, cools, and expands. ______ vapor condenses into rain. Air continues to rise, cool, and expand. Cooling, expanding air spreads out. Cool, dry air sinks back down to Earth at ______ N & S. ______ form here due to lack of moisture in air. ______ degrees = High Pressure ______ degrees = Low Pressure

Answer 24

Equator H2O 30 Deserts 30 0

Question 25

Air Properties ______ air rises. ______ air holds more moisture than cold. Rising air expands & cools. Cool air can't hold as much ______ vapor (condenses → rain). After cooling & expanding, air sinks.

Answer 25

Warm Warm H2O

Question 26

______ Effect Deflection of objects traveling through the atmosphere due to spin of ______. Air at ______ degrees moves back to Low pressure of ______. Wind between 0-30 degrees moves from ______ → ______ because Earth is spinning ______ → ______. Wind between 30 degrees - 60 degrees moves ______ → ______ because Earth spins faster at ______ degrees than ______ degrees.

Answer 26

Coriolis Earth 30 Equator E → W W → E 30 60

Question 27

______ Wind Patterns Air moves out from ______ degrees to ______ degrees and ______ degrees due to High pressure at ______ degrees & Low pressure at ______ & ______. a. Air rising at ______ = low pressure, air sinking down at ______ degrees = high pressure.

Answer 27

Global 30 0 60 30 0 60 Equator 30

Question 28

2. ______ degrees - ______ degrees winds blow ______ → ______ (Eastern trade). a. Drives ocean current ______ in N hemisphere, ______ in S hemisphere.

Answer 28

0 30 E → W Clockwise Counterclockwise

Question 29

3. ______ degrees - ______ degrees: winds blow ______ → ______ (Westerlies). a. Drives weather patterns of ______ America.

Answer 29

30 60 W → E N

Question 30

All of the land that drains into a specific body of water (______, ______, ______, etc.) Determined by ______; ridges of land divide ______ (different runoff directions).

Answer 30

River Lake Bay Slope Watersheds

Question 31

______, ______ composition, ______ play a large role in how ______ drain. More ______ = more infiltration & groundwater recharge. Greater ______ = faster velocity of runoff & more soil erosion. ______ permeability determines runoff vs infiltration rates.

Answer 31

Vegetation Soil Slope Watersheds Vegetation Slope Soil