4.3-4.7 Flashcards
Geological (rock) portion of soil is made up of 3 particles
(biggest to smallest)
Sand>Silt >Clay
_________ is the % of sand, silt, and clay in a ____
Always adds up to ____%
Soil Texture
soil
100
B/c sand is bigger, it has bigger _____ (empty spaces between ________)
This allows _________ to enter sandy soil easily.
Clay has ________ pores, so its harder for __________ to enter _______ soils
pores
particles
air + water
smallest
air + water
clay-heavy
______ is the amount of ______ space a soil has.
More ______ in a soil = more porous/higher ______ (easier for water + air to enter).
More ______ in a soil = less porous/less ______ (harder for water + air to enter).
Porosity
Pore
Sand
Porosity
Clay
______ texture is determined by ______, ______, ______%.
Ex: ______ = 40-40-20, sand, silt, clay
45% ______, 35% ______, 20% ______.
Soil
Clay
Sand
Silt
Loam
Sand
Silt
Clay
______: the pore space within a soil (more ______, more porous).
______: how easily water drains through a soil.
More porous/higher ______ = more permeable/higher ______.
Positive relationship between ______ + ______.
______ Holding Capacity: how well water is retained, or held by a soil.
More porous/permeable = lower ______ holding capacity.
Inverse relationship between ______/______ and ______ holding capacity.
Porosity
Sand
Permeability
Porosity
Permeability
H2O
H2O
Porosity
Permeability
H2O
Soil that is too _____ (too permeable) drains water too quickly for ____________ out
sandy
roots + dries
______-heavy soil doesn’t let ______ drain to roots, or waterlogs (suffocating them).
Clay
H2O
Ideal soil for most plant growth is ______, which balances ______ or drainage, with ______ holding capacity.
Loam
Porosity
H2O
Soil Fertility
Ability of soil to support plant growth
Here’s your text with blanks, followed by the words I removed:
Factors that increase soil nutrients:
______ (releases nutrients)
______ (holds and releases nutrients)
______ activity (recycles nutrients)
______ (negative charge binds positive nutrients)
______ (Calcium carbonate - limestone)
Organic matter
Humus
Decomposer
Clay
Bases
Factors that increase H2O holding capacity:
______ soil (biological activity)
______/______/______ matter
______ content
______ structure, especially natives
Aerated
Compost
Humus
Organic
Clay
Root
Here’s your text with blanks, followed by the words I removed:
Factors that decrease H2O holding capacity:
______ soil (machines, cows)
______ erosion
______
______ loss
Compacted
Topsoil
Sand
Root
Gases of Earth’s Atmosphere:
______ - 78%
______ - 21%
______ - 0.93%
______ Vapor - 0.4%
______ - 0.04%
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Water
CO2
Exosphere
Outermost layer where atm. merges with space
______
______ = hottest temp.
Absorbs harmful ______ & ______ radiation
Charged gas molecules glow under intense solar radiation, producing ______ (aurora borealis)
Thermosphere
Therm
X-rays
UV
Northern lights
Meso = for middle 60-80 km, even less dense
Mesosphere
______
______ for second - 16-60 km; less dense due to less pressure from layers above.
Thickest ______ layer is found here; absorbs ______ & ______ rays which can mutate DNA of animals (cancer).
Stratosphere
S
O3
UV-B
UV-C
______:
______ = change (weather occurs here) - 0-16 km, most dense due to pressure of other layers above it.
Most of atmosphere’s ______ molecules are found here.
______ (O3) in the troposphere is harmful to humans (respiratory irritant & damages plant stomata, and forms ______).
Troposphere
Tropo
Gas
Ozone
Smog
Layers of Earth’s atmosphere are based on where ______ gradients change with distance from Earth’s surface.
Temperature
______: Temp. increases due to absorption of highly energetic ______ radiation.
Hottest place on Earth (______°F).
Thermosphere
Solar
3,100
______: Temp. decreases because density ______, leaving fewer molecules to absorb Sun.
Coldest place on Earth (______°F).
Mesosphere
Decreases
-150
______: Temp. increases because top layer of ______ is warmed by UV rays (______).
Stratosphere
Stratosphere
Lithosphere
______: Temp. decreases as air gets further from warmth of Earth’s ______.
Troposphere
Surface
Wind Patterns
More direct sunlight at ______ warms air.
Warm air rises, cools, and expands.
______ vapor condenses into rain.
Air continues to rise, cool, and expand.
Cooling, expanding air spreads out.
Cool, dry air sinks back down to Earth at ______ N & S.
______ form here due to lack of moisture in air.
______ degrees = High Pressure
______ degrees = Low Pressure
Equator
H2O
30
Deserts
30
0
Air Properties
______ air rises.
______ air holds more moisture than cold.
Rising air expands & cools.
Cool air can’t hold as much ______ vapor (condenses → rain).
After cooling & expanding, air sinks.
Warm
Warm
H2O
______ Effect
Deflection of objects traveling through the atmosphere due to spin of ______.
Air at ______ degrees moves back to Low pressure of ______.
Wind between 0-30 degrees moves from ______ → ______ because Earth is spinning ______ → ______.
Wind between 30 degrees - 60 degrees moves ______ → ______ because Earth spins faster at ______ degrees than ______ degrees.
Coriolis
Earth
30
Equator
E → W
W → E
30
60
______ Wind Patterns
Air moves out from ______ degrees to ______ degrees and ______ degrees due to High pressure at ______ degrees & Low pressure at ______ & ______.
a. Air rising at ______ = low pressure, air sinking down at ______ degrees = high pressure.
Global
30
0
60
30
0
60
Equator
30
- ______ degrees - ______ degrees winds blow ______ → ______ (Eastern trade).
a. Drives ocean current ______ in N hemisphere, ______ in S hemisphere.
0
30
E → W
Clockwise
Counterclockwise
- ______ degrees - ______ degrees: winds blow ______ → ______ (Westerlies).
a. Drives weather patterns of ______ America.
30
60
W → E
N
All of the land that drains into a specific body of water (______, ______, ______, etc.)
Determined by ______; ridges of land divide ______ (different runoff directions).
River
Lake
Bay
Slope
Watersheds
______, ______ composition, ______ play a large role in how ______ drain.
More ______ = more infiltration & groundwater recharge.
Greater ______ = faster velocity of runoff & more soil erosion.
______ permeability determines runoff vs infiltration rates.
Vegetation
Soil
Slope
Watersheds
Vegetation
Slope
Soil
