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4.3-4.7 Flashcards

1
Q

Geological (rock) portion of soil is made up of 3 particles

A

(biggest to smallest)
Sand>Silt >Clay

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2
Q

_________ is the % of sand, silt, and clay in a ____

Always adds up to ____%

A

Soil Texture

soil

100

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3
Q

B/c sand is bigger, it has bigger _____ (empty spaces between ________)

This allows _________ to enter sandy soil easily.

Clay has ________ pores, so its harder for __________ to enter _______ soils

A

pores

particles

air + water

smallest

air + water

clay-heavy

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4
Q

______ is the amount of ______ space a soil has.

More ______ in a soil = more porous/higher ______ (easier for water + air to enter).
More ______ in a soil = less porous/less ______ (harder for water + air to enter).

A

Porosity
Pore
Sand
Porosity
Clay

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5
Q

______ texture is determined by ______, ______, ______%.

Ex: ______ = 40-40-20, sand, silt, clay
45% ______, 35% ______, 20% ______.

A

Soil
Clay
Sand
Silt
Loam
Sand
Silt
Clay

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6
Q

______: the pore space within a soil (more ______, more porous).
______: how easily water drains through a soil.

More porous/higher ______ = more permeable/higher ______.
Positive relationship between ______ + ______.

______ Holding Capacity: how well water is retained, or held by a soil.

More porous/permeable = lower ______ holding capacity.
Inverse relationship between ______/______ and ______ holding capacity.

A

Porosity
Sand
Permeability
Porosity
Permeability
H2O
H2O
Porosity
Permeability
H2O

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7
Q

Soil that is too _____ (too permeable) drains water too quickly for ____________ out

A

sandy

roots + dries

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8
Q

______-heavy soil doesn’t let ______ drain to roots, or waterlogs (suffocating them).

A

Clay
H2O

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9
Q

Ideal soil for most plant growth is ______, which balances ______ or drainage, with ______ holding capacity.

A

Loam
Porosity
H2O

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10
Q

Soil Fertility

A

Ability of soil to support plant growth

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11
Q

Here’s your text with blanks, followed by the words I removed:

Factors that increase soil nutrients:

______ (releases nutrients)
______ (holds and releases nutrients)
______ activity (recycles nutrients)
______ (negative charge binds positive nutrients)
______ (Calcium carbonate - limestone)

A

Organic matter
Humus
Decomposer
Clay
Bases

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12
Q

Factors that increase H2O holding capacity:

______ soil (biological activity)
______/______/______ matter
______ content
______ structure, especially natives

A

Aerated
Compost
Humus
Organic
Clay
Root

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13
Q

Here’s your text with blanks, followed by the words I removed:

Factors that decrease H2O holding capacity:

______ soil (machines, cows)
______ erosion
______
______ loss

A

Compacted
Topsoil
Sand
Root

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14
Q

Gases of Earth’s Atmosphere:

______ - 78%
______ - 21%
______ - 0.93%
______ Vapor - 0.4%
______ - 0.04%

A

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Water
CO2

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15
Q

Exosphere

A

Outermost layer where atm. merges with space

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16
Q

______
______ = hottest temp.

Absorbs harmful ______ & ______ radiation
Charged gas molecules glow under intense solar radiation, producing ______ (aurora borealis)

A

Thermosphere
Therm
X-rays
UV
Northern lights

17
Q

Meso = for middle 60-80 km, even less dense

A

Mesosphere

18
Q

______
______ for second - 16-60 km; less dense due to less pressure from layers above.

Thickest ______ layer is found here; absorbs ______ & ______ rays which can mutate DNA of animals (cancer).

A

Stratosphere
S
O3
UV-B
UV-C

18
Q

______:
______ = change (weather occurs here) - 0-16 km, most dense due to pressure of other layers above it.

Most of atmosphere’s ______ molecules are found here.

______ (O3) in the troposphere is harmful to humans (respiratory irritant & damages plant stomata, and forms ______).

A

Troposphere
Tropo
Gas
Ozone
Smog

19
Q

Layers of Earth’s atmosphere are based on where ______ gradients change with distance from Earth’s surface.

A

Temperature

20
Q

______: Temp. increases due to absorption of highly energetic ______ radiation.

Hottest place on Earth (______°F).

A

Thermosphere
Solar
3,100

21
Q

______: Temp. decreases because density ______, leaving fewer molecules to absorb Sun.

Coldest place on Earth (______°F).

A

Mesosphere
Decreases
-150

22
Q

______: Temp. increases because top layer of ______ is warmed by UV rays (______).

A

Stratosphere
Stratosphere
Lithosphere

23
Q

______: Temp. decreases as air gets further from warmth of Earth’s ______.

A

Troposphere
Surface

24
Q

Wind Patterns

More direct sunlight at ______ warms air.

Warm air rises, cools, and expands.
______ vapor condenses into rain.

Air continues to rise, cool, and expand.

Cooling, expanding air spreads out.

Cool, dry air sinks back down to Earth at ______ N & S.
______ form here due to lack of moisture in air.

______ degrees = High Pressure
______ degrees = Low Pressure

A

Equator
H2O
30
Deserts
30
0

25
Q

Air Properties

______ air rises.
______ air holds more moisture than cold.
Rising air expands & cools.
Cool air can’t hold as much ______ vapor (condenses → rain).
After cooling & expanding, air sinks.

A

Warm
Warm
H2O

26
Q

______ Effect

Deflection of objects traveling through the atmosphere due to spin of ______.

Air at ______ degrees moves back to Low pressure of ______.

Wind between 0-30 degrees moves from ______ → ______ because Earth is spinning ______ → ______.

Wind between 30 degrees - 60 degrees moves ______ → ______ because Earth spins faster at ______ degrees than ______ degrees.

A

Coriolis
Earth
30
Equator
E → W
W → E
30
60

27
Q

______ Wind Patterns

Air moves out from ______ degrees to ______ degrees and ______ degrees due to High pressure at ______ degrees & Low pressure at ______ & ______.
a. Air rising at ______ = low pressure, air sinking down at ______ degrees = high pressure.

A

Global
30
0
60
30
0
60
Equator
30

28
Q
  1. ______ degrees - ______ degrees winds blow ______ → ______ (Eastern trade).

a. Drives ocean current ______ in N hemisphere, ______ in S hemisphere.

A

0
30
E → W
Clockwise
Counterclockwise

29
Q
  1. ______ degrees - ______ degrees: winds blow ______ → ______ (Westerlies).

a. Drives weather patterns of ______ America.

A

30
60
W → E
N

30
Q

All of the land that drains into a specific body of water (______, ______, ______, etc.)

Determined by ______; ridges of land divide ______ (different runoff directions).

A

River
Lake
Bay
Slope
Watersheds

31
Q

______, ______ composition, ______ play a large role in how ______ drain.

More ______ = more infiltration & groundwater recharge.
Greater ______ = faster velocity of runoff & more soil erosion.
______ permeability determines runoff vs infiltration rates.

A

Vegetation
Soil
Slope
Watersheds
Vegetation
Slope
Soil

.. (21 decks)

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