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Human Population Flashcards

1
Q

The human population is currently growing at a rate of ___ million per year; that is 2.8 people added every second.

A

88

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2
Q

The human population didn’t reach ____ until after 1800.

A

1 billion

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3
Q

This is an example of ___________, where a small percentage growth rate still produces a large increase due to the size of the base population.

A

exponential growth

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4
Q

Global doubling time is 70/1.2%, or ________

A

58 years.

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5
Q

Improved sanitation, modern medicine, and higher agricultural output have all helped to reduce the ___________, the frequency of children dying in infancy.

A

infant mortality rate

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6
Q

British economist___________-argued that the number of people would eventually outgrow the available food supply.

A

Thomas Malthus

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7
Q

Paul and Anne Ehrlich of Stanford University have been called “___________” because they have made similar warnings.

A

neo-Malthusians

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8
Q

Despite a quadrupling of the human population, these predictions have not fully materialized.

____________ has intensified.
Enhanced prosperity, __________, and ________________ have helped to slow birth rates.

A

Food production

education

increasing gender equity

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9
Q

The I P A T model represents how our total ________ (I) on the environment results from the interaction of _____ (P), __________ (A), and __________ (T).

I = PAT

A

impact

population

affluence

technology

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10
Q

Increased population means that more ________ take up space, use resources, and generate waste.

Affluence leads to greater per capita resource ___________.

Technology can _______ impact by enhancing our ability to exploit resources or ______ impact by improving efficiency.

A

individuals

consumption

increase

decrease

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11
Q

A sensitivity factor (S) may also be added to denote the _________ of a given environment.

I = PAT*S

For example, the arid lands of western China are more sensitive to human disturbance due to the slow growth rate of the plants there.

A

vulnerability

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12
Q

Modern-day _____ has many examples of how I P A T elements can create environmental impact.

Intensive agriculture has caused _____ in western China similar to the _______

____________are heavily withdrawn.
Air quality is very ______

A

China

erosion

Dust Bowl.

Aquifers and rivers

poor

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13
Q

demography

A

Principles of population ecology can be applied to the study of statistical changes in the human population.

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14
Q

Demographers study several characteristics of the human population:

A

Size
Distribution
Age structure
Sex ratio
Rates of birth, death, emigration, and immigration

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15
Q

Predicted to surpass __________ by 2050

A

9.8 billion

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16
Q

Age structure diagrams, also called ___________ describe the relative numbers of individuals in each age class within a population.

A

population pyramids,

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17
Q

A pyramid with a ______denotes a potential for rapid future growth.

A pyramid with an ______ indicates a stable population.

A pyramid with a ____________ indicates a shrinking population.

A

wide base

even age distribution

narrow base

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18
Q

The global population is aging: the median age today is ___; in 2050 it is predicted to be 38.

This creates _____ in social welfare programs as ____ young workers are supporting more elderly.

A

28

strain

fewer

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19
Q

The naturally occurring sex ratio is ___ males born per every ___ females born.

A

106
100

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20
Q

The cultural gender preference for male children, coupled with the one-child policy, has resulted in roughly _______ born for every 100 girls.

A

116 Chinese boys

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21
Q

Infant mortality rates are closely tied to a nation’s level of __________.

A

industrialization

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22
Q

In recent decades, falling __________ in many countries has led to an overall decline in the global growth rate.

This is primarily due to a steep drop in _______

A

growth rates

birth rates.

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23
Q

______ describes the movement of individuals between countries.

A

Migration

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24
Q

_______ is people entering a country.

A

Immigration

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25
Q

__________ is people leaving a country.

A

Emigration

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26
Q

Total fertility rate (T F R)

A

is the average number of children born per woman during her lifetime.

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27
Q

Replacement fertility

A

is the T F R that keeps the size of a population stable. For humans, this is 2.1.

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28
Q

Europe’s ____________, which only includes birth and death rates, was between 0.0% and 0.1% in 2016.

A

rate of natural increase

29
Q

Industrialized countries tend to have the highest increases in __________, the average number of years a person in an age group is expected to live, due to a drop in infant mortality.

A

life expectancy

30
Q

Countries still industrializing will pass through a series of stages of economic and cultural change called the __________

A

demographic transition.

31
Q

During the _______________ death rates are high due to widespread disease, rudimentary health care, and unreliable food supplies.

Birth rates are also ____, leading to a stable population size.

A

pre-industrial stage, high

32
Q

Death rates decline during the _________ due to improved food production and health care.

Birth rates remain ______, so the population increases.

A

transitional period

high

33
Q

During the ____________ opportunities increase for women and birth control becomes more widely available, decreasing birth rates.

Population growth slows and begins to ______.

A

industrial stage, employment

stabilize

34
Q

The population growth stabilizes or begins to shrink during the ___________

A

post- industrial stage.

35
Q

Some developing countries are so overpopulated that they may not be able to complete a transition, creating _____________

A

demographic fatigue.

36
Q

Family planning

A

is the effort to plan the number and spacing of one’s children.

37
Q

Birth control

A

includes all efforts to reduce the frequency of pregnancy.

38
Q

Contraception

A

is a deliberate attempt to prevent pregnancy despite engaging in sexual intercourse.

39
Q

Access to family planning gives women control over their _________, the time at which they can become pregnant.

A

reproductive window

40
Q

If humanity’s ecological footprint exceeds Earth’s biocapacity, it is termed an __________

If the footprint is less, there is an _____________

A

ecological deficit.

ecological reserve.

41
Q

K Selected species tend to be _____, few offspring per reproduction event, live in stable environments, ______ for each offspring,mature after many years of youth and _________, have long life spans life expectancy, and reproduce more than once in their ________.

Competition for resources in K-Selected species habitats is usually _____.

A

large

expand lots of energy

expand lots of energy

lifetime

high

42
Q

R-selected species expand _______ energy for each offspring, mature ______, have ____ life spans, and reproduce once in their lifetime, Competition for resources is normally __.

A

minimal

early

short

low

43
Q

Life history theory

A

A scientific approach that explains how natural selection influences patterns in reproduction, survival, and life span.

44
Q

Biotic potential

A

the maximum reproductive rate of a population in ideal conditions

45
Q

Population density

A

the number of individuals per unit area in a population

46
Q

Population distribution

A

the spatial arrangement of organisms in an area

47
Q

Sex ratio

A

population of males to females

1:1 ratios are seen in monogamous species; rates vary in others

48
Q

Age structure

A

the relative numbers of individuals of different ages within a population

this can help predict whether a population will grew or shrink in near future

49
Q

rate of natural increase

A

birth rate - death rate

50
Q

Survivor ship curve is a line that displays the ____________ of a chart, group of individuals of the _________, in population, from birth to __________ age reached by any one cohort member. Type I, Type II, and Type III ______.

A

relative survival rates

same age

maximum

curves

51
Q

Random distribution

A

shows no particular pattern

52
Q

Uniform distribution

A

individuals spaced evenly

53
Q

Clumped distribution

A

when individuals concentrate in certain areas

54
Q

_________ species are more affected by invasive species than _________ species. Most invasive species are _______ species.

A

K-selected

r-selected

r-selected

55
Q

(birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate- emigration rate)

A

Population growth rate

56
Q

K-selected species typically following __________, and r-selected species following a _______ curve.

A

Type I / Type II

Type III

57
Q

_____ population density makes it easier for organisms to group and find mates. It can also lead to _______ and conflict if space, food, or mates are ______. Overcrowding also increases the transmission of infectious ______. Low population ________, individuals benefit from space and _________ but may be harder to locate mates and _________.

A

High

competition

limited

disease

densities

resources

companions

58
Q

Older individuals oten reproduce in _________

A

greater numbers

59
Q

Natality

A

Births within the population

60
Q

Mortality

A

Deaths within the population

61
Q

Immigration

A

Arrival of individuals from outside the population

62
Q

Emigration

A

Departure of individuals from the population

63
Q

Growth rates may be expressed as percentages:

A

population growth rate * 100%

64
Q

Population increase by a fixed percentage each year, undergoes exponential growth

A

J-shaped curve

Only occurs in nature when population is small, competition is minimal, and environmental conditions are ideal.

65
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

the maximum population size of a species that a given environment can sustain

66
Q

Logistic growth

A

Ecologist use the S-shaped curve to show how an initial exponential increase is slowed and eventually brought to a standstill by limiting factors

67
Q

Density-dependent

A

Condition of limiting factors whose effects on a population become stronger or weaker dpending on the population density

68
Q

Density-independent

A

factors are those whose influence is independent of population density

-Temp extremes, catastrophic natural disasters

-Predation disease

69
Q

Environments are complex and dynamic carrying capcities can change

A

-Forest fires decrease carrying capacity for most animals

-Humans altered their environment to increase its carrying capacity for our population

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