Unit 5 (1750-1900) Flashcards
Similarities between people of Oceania and Native Americans
-Both had Europeans come in
-Both weren’t immune to European diseases and experienced epidemics
Terra Australis Incognita
“Unknown Southern Land”
-What European scholars had long believed to exist to “balance” the northern continents
-People didn’t go searching for it because they were more focused on trade in the east
-Turned out to be Australia
Dutch exploration of Australia
-First Europeans to reach Australia in 1606
-People didn’t really care to explore, despite Dutch VOC’s authorization of it because people didn’t see the potential in it
-Jan Carstensz said it was the “most arid and barren” region in the world
-Reached west, south, and north coasts and saw islands of Tasmania and New Guinea
-Called it New Holland
-Rarely interacted with the aboriginals, called them savages for being nomadic
James Cook
-British explorer
-First to visit the eastern coast of Australia in 1770 (though almost stopped by the Great Barrier Reef)
-Declared Botany Bay (near Sydney) good for settlement, brought European interest
What did Britain use Australia for?
-Penal colony
-800 of 1,000 original settlers were convicts
-Convicts were used as sheep herders
-Only in the 1830s did free settlers outnumber criminal convicts
Manila Galleon trade route
-Named for the ship type, Manila Galleon
-Started by Spanish mariners in 1565
-Between Manila and Acapulco (connected New Spain to Asia)
-Spain was more focused on this trade than exploring the Pacific islands initially in the 1500s
What Pacific islands were Spain interested in in the 1500s, and why?
-Guam and the northern Mariana Islands
-These were on the Manila Galleon route so they weren’t too out of the way to explore
Spain in Guam
-Initially peacefully traded with the indigenous Chamorro people for a century
-In the 1600s, Spain imposed their rule over the Chamorro
-This was easy to do because there was a big smallpox epidemic in Guam because of Spain that destroyed the Chamorro population
Tahiti
-English and French mariners explored islands like Tahiti for economic opportunities
-Traded with islanders on Tahiti
Captain James Cook in Hawaii
-Stumbled upon the islands after sailing north from Tahiti in 1778
-Was able to communicate with the people because of similarities to Polynesian languages which he knew
-Got along well, traded iron wares for things like pigs
-Venereal diseases spread to Hawaii when sailors and native women had relationships
-Cook was later killed in a conflict after coming back to Hawaii the next year where he found them to be much less friendly
Legacy of Captain Cook
-Brought European interest to the Pacific
-Soon whalers, missionaries, merchants, and planters came in
-By early 1800s, Europeans were prominent in all major Pacific island groups
-More and more interactions in the 18-1900s, brought change to Pacific island societies
Charles V
-Hapsburg king who inherited Spain, Spain’s American colonies, parts of Italy, and land in Austria and the Netherlands
-Holy Roman Emperor
-Devout Catholic, unwillingly agreed to the Peace of Augsburg in 1565 (let German princes choose their region’s religion)
What did Charles V leave to people?
-His brother Ferdinand got Austria and the Holy Roman Empire
-His son Philip II got Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American Colonies
Philip II’s Empire
-Seized Portugal when their king died without an heir, which also gave him Portuguese strongholds in Africa, India, and the East Indies
-Got lots of wealth from Americas (gold and silver bullion), claimed 1/4 of every shipload, helped him build an army
What did Philip II do in 1571 when the pope called Catholic princes to take up arms against the Ottoman Empire?
-250 Spanish and Venetian ships to Lepanto and defeated the Ottomans
What naval thing did Philip fail at?
-Launched the Spanish Armada against Protestant England, but was defeated
-Weakened Spain
The Escorial
-Philip’s huge granite palace
-Demonstrated his power/wealth
-Showed his strong Catholic faith (had a monastery in it)
Golden Age of Spanish art
15-1600s
-Because monarchs and nobles were rich enough to be patrons of the arts
-El Greco and Diego Velazques
El Greco
-Real name was Domenikos Theotokopoulos
-Born in Crete, but spent most of his life in Spain
-Painted unusual, distorted, human figures
-Showcased Spain’s Catholicism by portraying saints, martyrs, etc in his work
Diego Velazques
-Spanish painter
-Showed pride in Spain’s monarchy
-Court painter of Philip IV
-Painted court life and the royal family
Don Quixote
-Book by Miguel de Cervantes in 1605
-Birth of the modern European novel
-Poor Spanish nobleman, wants to right wrongs, puts on suit of armor and sets off on a horse
-Some said it mocked chivalry, others say he is idealistic and longs for the romantic past
Causes of inflation in Spanish Empire
-Gold and silver from Americas made them temporarily wealthy but caused long term economic problems
-Inflation caused by population growth (more demand -> higher prices) and so much silver bullion (value of silver decreased)
Other Spanish economic problems
-Expelled the Jews and Moors (Muslims) in 1500s, meaning they lost skilled artisans and businesspeople
-Spain’s nobles didn’t pay taxes, lower class burdened and no middle class could emerge
-Spanish goods super expensive (because of guilds), so Spaniards bought goods from other (enemy!) countries like France, England, Netherlands
-Had to borrow money from Italian and German bankers to finance wars
-Philip had to declare Spain’s bankruptcy three times
Differences between Spain and the Spanish Netherlands
-Spain was Catholic, Dutch had many Calvinist groups
-Spain had a weak economy, the Dutch were thriving
-Caused the Dutch to have no loyalty to Spain and want to revolt
Initial Dutch revolt
-Caused by Philip raising taxes and trying to crush Protestantism
-Protestant mobs swept through Catholic churches in 1566, destroying religious paintings and statues
-Philip responded with an army sent under the Spanish Duke of Alva to punish them (1500 killed in a single day)
William of Orange
-Dutch prince of Orange
-Emerged as a great leader for fighting against Spain
-Not for religious reasons, he wanted the Netherlands to have independence
-Initially lost a lot of battles
-When Spain besieged Leidan in 1574, he flooded them out by opening some floodgates (they were in the Low Countries)
What happened after the Spanish/Dutch fighting in the 1500s?
-In 1579, the northern, Protestant provinces declared independence and became the United Provinces of the Netherlands
-The souther, Catholic provinces remained under Spanish control (became modern Belgium)
United Provinces of the Netherlands
-Very different to other European states
-Religious tolerance practiced
-Republic instead of a kingdom, each province had an elected governor
United Provinces of the Netherlands trading
-Had the biggest fleet in the world (4,800 in the 1600s)
-Shipped Polish grain to southern Europe when they had poor harvests (so prices were highest)
-Shipped Scandinavian lumber to Spain , France, Italy, and England
-Replaced Italians as the bankers of Europe because the Atlantic became more important for trade than the Mediterranean
1600s Dutch Art
-Netherlands in 1600s was like Florence in the 1400s
-Best banks, best artists, funded by wealthy merchants
-Rembrandt and Vermeer
Rembrandt van Rijn
-Greatest Dutch artist of the period
-Painted wealthy middle class merchants and group portraits
-Used contrasts of light and dark
