Unit 5 Flashcards by Kaiya Lee

Exocrine System

Release of a fluid substance, usually though a duct into a cavity lined with epithelium

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Endocrine

Release of fluid substance directly into the blood stream

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Anterior Pituitary

Give the hormone, producing cell, target, and action
Adenohypophysis, pars distalis

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Growth hormone

From anterior pituitary
stimulates growth

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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroxine, which increases metabolic rate

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

From anterior pituitary, stimulates adrenal cortex to excrete cortisol, copes with stress and reprioritizing chemical processes

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Follicle_stimulating hormone (FSH)

Anterior pituitary hormones
Stimulate the gonads,
In females - stimulates ovarian follicles
Males - regulates sperm production and maturation

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Lutinzing Hormone (LH)

Anterior pituitary hormones
Stimulate the gonad
- females: stimulates ovulation and release of estrogen and progesterone
- males: stimulates the production of male sex steroids (testosterone)

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Prolactin (PRL)

Anterior pituitary hormones
Stimulate the gonads:
- females: stimulates milk production
- males: might do something to maintain male reproductive tract

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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Intermediate Pituitary (pars intermediate) Hormone
- stimulate melanin production in the basal layer

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Posterior pituitary

Neurohypophysis

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Oxytocin

Stimulates milk ejection/release (not releases), stimulates contractions during delivery

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Antidiuretic hormone

Posterior Pituitary
- increases water reabsorption by kidney
- increases BP

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Thyroxine

Made in thyroid gland
- increases cellular metabolism

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Calcitonin

Made by thyroid gland
- stimulates calcium excretion, decreases osteoclast activity
- decrease of blood calcium levels

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Made in parathyroid
- increase of blood calcium levels
- inhibit calcium excretion, increases osteoclast activity, increase calcium absorption in the GI tract

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Glucagon

Made in pancreas
- increases blood sugar
- increases glycogen breakdown

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Insulin

Made by pancreas
- decreases blood sugar
- increases cellular glucose uptake

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Somatostatin

Made in pancreas
- slows nutrient uptake in GI tract
- inhibits release of insulin and glucagon

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Pancreatic Polypeptide

Made in pancreas
- inhibits release of somatostatin

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Adrenal glands

Suprarrenal

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Aldosterone

Made in adrenal glands
- increases salt and water reabsorption
- increases BP

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Cortisol

Made in adrenal glands
- stress response
- increase blood sugar/pressure, immune and inflammatory processes

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Testosterone

Made in adrenal gland and gonad glands
- stimulates spermatogenesis
- stimulates growth and development
- stimulates secondary sex characteristics

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Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Made in adrenal glands - stress response - breakdown of glycogen, increase heart rate, increases blood pressure, pupillary dilation, decrease of gastrointestinal motility

Melatonin

Made in Pineal Gland - sleep/wake cycle - circadian rhythm

Estrogen

Made in gonad glands - promotes secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone

Made in gonad glands - prepares uterus for pregnancy

Inhibin

Made in gonad glands - inhibits FSH secretion - stopping spermatogenesis and ovarian follicle growth

Calcitriol

Made in Kidenys - increase in blood calcium levels - stimulates calcium absorption from GI tract

Renin

Made in kidneys - increase in blood pressure

Erythropoietin

Made in Kidneys - stimulates red blood cell production

Arterial natriuretic

Made in heart - decrease in BP - increase in sodium and water excretion at kidney, decrease in vascular resistance, suppresses release of ADH and aldosterone

Brain natriuretic factor

Made in heart - decreases BP

Leptin

Made in Adipose tissue - decreases feeding - regulates energy balance

Lymphatic system

- a network of specialized capillaries (lymph capillaries) and small collecting ducts (lymph vessels) that provide a route for return of tissue fluid to the blood stream - filtering particulate matter - immune mechanisms fight off foreign invaders - takes interstitial fluid and removes antigens

Lymph

Fluid that is made up of interstitial fluid, solutes and foreign material

Lymph capillaries

Close ended tubes next to blood capillary networks that are in contact with interstitial space (ends of lymph vessels) - in GI tract they are lacteals, they have a type of lymph that’s thicker and filled with more vitamins called chyle

Lymph vessels

Receive fluid from capillaries and ensure one-way flow using valves, connectors to lymph nodes

Lymph nodes

- small oval aggregates of lymphatic tissue surrounded by fibrous capsule - has lots of different parts, many vessels go into the nodes but one 1 comes out - contains macrophages and lymphocytes to filter the interstitial fluid

Major Lymphatic Trunk

Keep places that have the lymphatic system drain into the venous system

Thoracic Duct

- Contains all of the left side and the lower extremities - goes into the left brachiocephalic trunk

Right lymphatic duct

- contains the right thorax and right upper extremity - goes into the right brachiocephalic trunk

Free Nerve endings

- pain and temperature - lateral spinothalamic tract

Meissner’s corpuscle

- light touch - not in medial lemniscus system

Merkel’s Disc

- pressure and texture - medial lemniscus system

Ruffini corppuscle’s

- stretch - medial lemniscus system

Pacinian corpuscles

- vibration - medial lemniscus system

Hair follicle, papilla and bulb

Make up hair follicle

Hair follicle, arrector pili muscle

Contract hair follicle, good for shivering or stress

Sebaceous glands

Make sebum (oily waxy substance), have their own dedicated shaft in sweat glands

Sebaceous follicles

Make sebum, release into hair follicle duct

Apocrine sweat glands

Release salty sweat into hair follicle duct

Eccrine Sweat glands

Release salty sweat using a dedicated sweat pore

Nails

Stop our fingertips from distorting whenever we press down

Root of nail

Inside nail

Body of nail

Outside nail

Lunula

White stuff at the base of the nail

Eponychium

The base of the nail

Hyponychium

Skin underneath the tip of nail