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Microbiology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes main difference

A

Eukaryotes Have a clearly defined nucleus

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2
Q

Eukaryotes ribosome

A

80S

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3
Q

Prokaryotes ribosome

A

70S

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4
Q

Division of prokaryotes

A

Binary fission

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5
Q

Size bacteria

A

10⁻⁶ m

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6
Q

Where are located the sterols

A

Plasma membrane of eukaryotes

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7
Q

Size virus

A

10⁻⁹m

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8
Q

Shapes bacteria

A

Coccus
Bacillus
Coccobacillus
Vibrio
Spirillum
Spirochete

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9
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Bacteria changes the size and shape according to environment (pH)

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10
Q

Arrangement Cocci

A

Single (coccus)
Pair ( diplococci)
Tetrads
Irregular cluster (Staphylococci)
Chains ( streptococci)
Cubical (Sarcina)

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11
Q

Which type of bacteria has the greatest variety in arrangement

A

Coccus

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12
Q

Sarcina

A

Cubical

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13
Q

Staphylococci

A

Irregular clusters (grapes)

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14
Q

Streptococci

A

Chains

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15
Q

Bacilli arrangement

A

Bacillus
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Palisades

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16
Q

Streptobacilli

A

➖➖➖
Chain

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17
Q

Palisades

A

/\/\/

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18
Q

Arrangement spirilla

A

Sometimes in chains

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19
Q

Bright field microscope

A

Bright background
Dark image

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20
Q

Dark field

A

Black background
Bright specimen

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21
Q

Black background
Bright specimen

A

Dark field

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22
Q

Phase contrast microscope

A

Bright structures
Green background
To see internal components

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23
Q

Bright structures
Green background
To see internal components

A

Phase contrast microscope

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24
Q

Fluorescence microscope

A

Black background
Fluo stained structures

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25
Q

Black background
Fluo stained structures

A

Fluorescence microscope

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26
Q

Electron microscope

A

Grey background
White structure
3D
To see viruses and organelles

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27
Q

Why staining

A

Increase contrast

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28
Q

Smear technique

A

Take sample of the cells, spread in crystal slide and air dry it
Heat fixation so that the cells are not removed when washing
Or chemicals to preserve subcellular structures and morphology

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29
Q

3 types procedures for microscope

A

Direct fresh preparations
Stained smears
Special procedures ( electron microscope)

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30
Q

Differential or complex stain

A

Primary dye and counterstain
- Gram staining
- Ziehl Neelsen

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31
Q

Gram stain procedure function

A

Differentiate the structure and chemical composition of the cell wall
➡️identification and classification of bacteria

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32
Q

Steps Gram stain procedure

A

1st dye, crystal violet, wash

Mordant (lugol): help fixation

Decolorizer : ethanol-acetone. Critical step. Removed the first dye in some bacteria

Conterstain : Safranin

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33
Q

Gram - color

A

Pink red

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34
Q

Gram + color

A

Dark purple

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35
Q

Obligated structures in Prokaryotes

A

Cell wall (except mycoplasma)
1 Chromosome
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasmic matrix

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36
Q

Where is the bacterial chromosome located

A

Nucleoid

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37
Q

Cell wall properties

A

Exclusive to bacteria
Semi-rigid layer outside the plasma membrane
Target of some antibiotics
Determine type of stain used Gram/Ziehl-Neelsen
Contains antigenic components ( LPS, teichoic acids

38
Q

What bacteria doesn’t have a cell wall

A

Mycobacteria

39
Q

Composition cell wall

A

Main : peptidoglycan=murein

40
Q

Peptidoglycan

A
  • Peptides
  • Glycan: NAM-NAG-NAM

Overall : NAM and NAG are linked by glycosidic bonds
1 Tetrapeptide ( peptide cross links) on each NAM, link NAMs together form a chain to another

41
Q

Peptide

A

Small protein

42
Q

Synonym glycan

A

Polysaccharide

43
Q

NAM and NAG are linked by

A

Glycosidic bonds

44
Q

Why are lysozymes effective

A

They break the glycosidic bonds between NAM and NAG

45
Q

Gram + cell wall

A

Thick and rigid wall of peptidoglycan
Lots of techoic acids crossing the peptidoglycan
No outer membrane
No lipopolysaccharide

46
Q

Gram - cell wall

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer
Outer membrane (only for gram -)
Periplasmic space
Transmembrane proteins (porins)

47
Q

Outer membrane Compo

A

Made of phospholipids, proteins (porins), and Lipopolysaccharide LPS endotoxin

48
Q

Lipopolysaccharide compo

A

Lipid A
Core polysaccharide
O side chain

49
Q

Periplasmic space

A

Between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane

50
Q

Function porins

A

Diffusion hydrophilic molecules

51
Q

Mycobacterias are also called

A

Acid fast bacteria AFB

52
Q

Structure mycobacteria cell wall

A

Great amount of lipids
Mycolic acid layer (wax like lipid coat)
Arabino galactan polymer

53
Q

What type of stain is used on mycobacteria

A

Ziehl-Neelsen stain

54
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen stain stages

A

Heat 3 times to melt the wax
Carbol fuchsine (pink)
Decolorizer : HCl + alcohol
Methylen blue

Acid fast bacteria get stained the first time and don’t get discolored because of the wax

55
Q

Functions of cell wall

A

Gives shape, rigidity and elasticity
Protection from osmotic lysis
Protection from toxic substances
Anchor for flagella
Support for glycocalyx when present
Involved in adhesion (to infect a cell) and aggregation

56
Q

Plasma membrane composition

A

Phospholipidic membrane
Bilayer of lipids contains most of the time hopanoids
Proteins crossing the membrane
PBPs on the outer side

57
Q

PBP function

A

Involved in peptidoglycan synthesis

58
Q

How are mycoplasma genus different

A

They have sterols instead of hopanoids in their plasma membranes (like eukaryotes)

59
Q

What is the name of the bacteria that has sterol in its membrane

A

Mycoplasma genus

60
Q

Function plasma membrane

A

Retains cytoplasm
Protection from osmotic stress
Transport : Selective permeable barrier ( waste, secretions, nutrient intake)
Location of metabolic processes ( respiration, photosynthesis, synthesis of wall constituents)
Contains receptor molecules to detect and respond to chemical signals

61
Q

Cytoplasmic matrix synonym

A

Cytosol

62
Q

Cytoplasmic matrix definition

A

No organelles, just soluble components like enzymes, vitamins, DNA, etc
Largely water
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes 70S

63
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made of ribosomal RNA and protein
2 sub units

64
Q

Bacterial chromosome

A

Prokaryotes are haploid
No nucleus
Single circle of double stranded DNA
Supercoiled DNA due to enzymes like topoisomerase, gyrase or HU proteins
Fibrillar appearance

65
Q

Haploid

A

1set of chromosomes

66
Q

Facultative structures for Prokaryotic cells

A

Plasmids
Glycocalyx (capsule & slime layer)
Flagella
Fimbriae/pili
Endospore

67
Q

Plasmids

A

Double stranded circle of DNA
Exist independently of the chromosome
Not required for growth and reproduction
Confer selective advantage such as drug resistance, toxin production
Moves horizontally or vertically between bacteria
Not attached to plasma membrane ➡️sometimes lost during division

68
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Supplementary coat, mucus
Protects the cell and help for adhesion to environment
2 types

69
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyx

A

Slime layer
Capsule

70
Q

Description Slime layer

A

Loose shield
Unorganized layer of extra cellular material
Easily removable

71
Q

Description Capsule

A

Bound more tightly to the cell
Denser, thicker, more organized
Not easily washed off

72
Q

Function Capsule

A

Anti-phagocytic structure
Helps to adhere to surfaces
Protects from bacterial viruses and most hydrophobic toxic materials
Protects from desiccation cells and anti microbial agents

73
Q

Function Slime layer

A

Can enclose many bacterias into a biofilm
Protects from environment (dessiccation, antibiotics)
Protects from loss of nutrients
Allows bacteria to adhere to smooth surfaces (like medical devices)

74
Q

Dessiccation

A

Loss of water

75
Q

Flagella Function

A

Cell mobility
Role in pathogenesis
Antigenic properties

76
Q

Flagella description

A

Helical filament appendage
Attached to plasma membrane
Made of the protein flagellin

77
Q

Types of bacteria according to flagella

A

Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous

78
Q

Monotrichous

A

1 flagella

79
Q

Amphitrichous

A

1 Flagella located on opposite sides of bacteria

80
Q

Lophotricous

A

Several flagella on one side

81
Q

Peritrichous

A

Several flagella everywhere on the plasma membrane

82
Q

Where is the flagella attached

A

Plasma membrane

83
Q

Fimbrae and pili

A

Filament appendages shorter and thinner than flagella
Attached to plasma membrane
Made of the protein pilin
Don’t provide locomotion (except twitching mvt of pseudomonas)

84
Q

Where are attached Fimbriae and pili

A

Plasma membrane

85
Q

Types of Fimbriae and pili

A

Fimbriae (common pili)
Sex pili

86
Q

Fimbriae

A

Short, thin, hair like appendages
Involved in bacterial adherence

87
Q

Sex pili

A

Larger than Fimbriae
Required for bacterial mating

88
Q

Synonym bacterial mating

A

Bacterial conjugation

89
Q

Meaning bacterial conjugation

A

Transfer of plasmids

90
Q

Endospores

A

In some gram+ bacteria

Special resistant, dormant structures

Resistance to environmental stresses such as lack of nutrients, UV, gamma radiation, chemical disinfectant, dessiccation.

91
Q

Difference spirochete and spirilla

A

Spirilla is more rigid

92
Q

Function of hopanoids

A

Similar to sterols
Fluidity

Microbiology (12 decks)

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